ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS

Question 1

The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means

Answer 1

“to cut apart.”

Question 2

areas of specialization of anatomy

Answer 2

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

Question 3

the study of the LARGER STRUCTURES of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

Answer 3

gross anatomy

Question 4

gross anatomy is also referred to as

Answer 4

macroscopic anatomy

Question 5

the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a MICROSCOPE or other magnification devices.

Answer 5

microscopic anatomy

Question 6

Two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures

Answer 6

regional and systemic

Question 7

the study of the INTERRELATIONSHIPS of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen

Answer 7

Regional anatomy

Question 8

It also helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region.

Answer 8

regional anatomy

Question 9

the study of the structures that MAKE UP a discrete body system—that is, a GROUP OF STRUCTURES that work together to perform a unique body function.

Answer 9

systemic anatomy

Question 10

structure

Answer 10

anatomy

Question 11

function

Answer 11

physiology

Question 12

the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.

Answer 12

Human physiology

Question 13

the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

Answer 13

Homeostasis

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE:
The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and
with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity

Answer 15

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms and biosphere

Question 16

the SMALLEST INDEPENDENTLY functioning unit of a living organism

Answer 16

cell

Question 17

a WATER-BASED cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles

Answer 17

cytoplasm

Question 18

A human cell typically consists of

Answer 18

flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm

Question 19

tiny functioning units

Answer 19

organelles

Question 20

a GROUP OF MANY SIMILAR CELLS (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.

Answer 20

tissue

Question 21

an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each _____ performs one or more specific physiological functions.

Answer 21

organ

Question 22

a GROUP OF ORGANS that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

Answer 22

organ system

Question 23

Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.

Answer 23

true

Question 24

highest level of organization

Answer 24

organism level

Question 25

a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

Answer 25

organism

Question 26

In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Functions of Human Life

Answer 27

organization metabolism responsiveness movement development, growth and reproduction

Question 28

A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct internal compartments. These compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished

Answer 28

organization

Question 29

Your basic function as an organism is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures.

Answer 29

metabolism

Question 30

the process whereby SMALLER, simpler molecules are COMBINED into larger, more complex substances. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat.

Answer 30

anabolism

Question 31

is the process by which larger more complex substances are BROKEN DOWN into smaller simpler molecules. _______ releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.

Answer 31

catabolism

Question 32

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.

Answer 32

metabolism

Question 33

Both anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.

Answer 33

true

Question 34

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

Answer 34

responsiveness

Question 35

Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells

Answer 35

movement

Question 36

all of the changes the body goes through in life. _______ also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which Involve cell differentiation

Answer 36

development

Question 37

increase in body size

Answer 37

growth

Question 38

is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.

Answer 38

reproduction

Question 39

key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP-chemical compound, adenosine triphosphate, to store and release energy.

Answer 39

oxygen

Question 40

is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.

Answer 40

nutrients

Question 41

The three basic classes of nutrients

Answer 41

water, vitamins and minerals

Question 42

Requirements for Human Life

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oxygen nutrients narrow range of temperature homeostasis

Question 43

Anatomical terms are made up of

Answer 43

roots, prefixes, and suffixes

Question 44

refers to an organ, tissue, or condition

Answer 44

root

Question 45

describes the root

Answer 45

prefix or suffix

Question 46

The human body is shown in anatomical position

Answer 46

anterior view, posterior view

Question 47

A body that is lying down is described as

Answer 47

prone or supine

Question 48

face down

Answer 48

prone

Question 49

face up

Answer 49

supine

Question 50

Describes the FRONT or direction toward the front of the body

Answer 50

Anterior (or ventral)

Question 51

Describes the BACK or direction toward the back of the body.

Answer 51

Posterior (or dorsal)

Question 52

describes a position ABOVE OR HIGHER than another part of the body proper.

Answer 52

Superior (or cranial)

Question 53

describes a position BELOW OR LOWER than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column).

Answer 53

Inferior (or caudal)

Question 54

describes the SIDE or direction toward the side of the body.

Answer 54

lateral

Question 55

describes the MIDDLE or direction toward the middle of the body.

Answer 55

medial

Question 56

describes a position in a limb that is NEARER to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Answer 56

Proximal

Question 57

describes a position in a limb that is FARTHER from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Answer 57

Distal

Question 58

describes a position CLOSER TO THE SURFACE of the body.

Answer 58

Superficial

Question 59

describes a position FARTHER FROM THE SURFACE of the body.

Answer 59

Deep

Question 60

toward the nose

Answer 60

rostral

Question 61

toward the tail

Answer 61

caudal

Question 62

on both sides

Answer 62

bilateral

Question 63

on the same side

Answer 63

ipsilateral

Question 64

on the opposite side

Answer 64

contralateral

Question 65

a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut.

Answer 65

section

Question 66

the plane that divides the body or an organ VERTICALLY into right and left sides.

Answer 66

sagittal plane

Question 67

If this vertical plane runs directly down the MIDDLE of the body, it is called the

Answer 67

midsagittal or median plane

Question 68

If it divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left sides, it is called a

Answer 68

parasagittal plane

Question 69

the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion

Answer 69

frontal plane

Question 70

The frontal plane is often referred to as a

Answer 70

coronal plane

Question 71

(“Corona” is Latin for

Answer 71

crown

Question 72

the plane that divides the body or organ HORIZONTALLY into upper and lower portions.

Answer 72

transverse plane

Question 73

Transverse planes produce images referred to as

Answer 73

cross sections

Question 74

means “large”

Answer 74

macro

Question 75

considers large structures such as the brain

Answer 75

Gross anatomy