anatomical terminology

Question 1

What are 3 ways to explore anatomy?

Answer 1

regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
microscopic anatomy

Question 2

what is regional anatomy

Answer 2

head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, trunk, upper and lower limbs

Question 3

what is system anatomy

Answer 3

nervous, muscular, skeletal, digestive

Question 4

what is microscopic anatomy

Answer 4

microscopic structure of tissues and organs

Question 5

Describe ‘the anatomical position’.

Answer 5

A central concept used for all description of location within the body.

Question 6

what 3 parts make up the general description of the anatomical position

Answer 6

General description is:
* A person standing upright, facing forward.
* Arms straight and hands held by the hips, palms facing forward.
* Feet parallel and toes pointing forward.

Question 7

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 7

The anatomical planes are lines used to divide the human body which are very useful to understand cross-sections
and medical imaging.

Question 8

what are the 3 anatomical planes

Answer 8

coronal
sagittal
transverse plane.

Question 9

what is coronal plane

Answer 9

Question 10

what is a saggital plane

Answer 10

Question 11

what is a transverse plane

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe the anterior and posterior position.

Answer 12

When standing in the anatomical position, everything on the front is anterior (ventral) and everything on the back is posterior (dorsal).

Question 13

Describe the superior and inferior position.

Answer 13

Everything towards the head is superior and everything towards the feet is inferior.

Question 14

Describe the medial and lateral position.

Answer 14

Medial is towards the midline, lateral is away however this is relative.

Question 15

Describe the proximal and distal position.

Answer 15

Proximal is closer to the trunk (torso) , distal is away from the trunk (torso)

Question 16

Describe the superficial and deep position.

Answer 16

Superficial is closer to the skin and deep is away from the skin, on the inside.

Question 17

In the anatomical position is your shoulder proximal or distal to your elbow?

Answer 17

Proximal

Question 18

Is your thumb medial or lateral to your palm?

Answer 18

Lateral

Question 19

How do the terms of location differ in embryology and neuroanatomy?

Answer 19

remember the brain is 90 degrees anticlockwise

Question 20

Define flexion.

Answer 20

Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts with respect to anatomical position or bending towards the embryological front of the body.

Question 21

Define extension.

Answer 21

Movement that increases the angle between two body parts with respect to the anatomical position or straightening or bending to the embryological back of the body.

Question 22

compare abduction and adduction

Answer 22

abduction = Movement away from the midline.

remember: abduct = taken away, ie ‘taken away/moved’ from midline’

adduction = movement towards the midline

Question 23

compare lateral and medial rotation

Answer 23

medial = rotating movement towards the midline

lateral = rotating movement away from the midline

Question 24

Define supination.

Answer 24

Keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your hand with the palm facing up.

Question 25

Define pronation.

Answer 25

Flip your hand with the palm facing down.

Question 26

compare dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Answer 26

Dorsiflexion = It refers to decreasing the angle with regard to the anatomical position, so that the foot points more superiorly. Embryologically it is an extension at the ankle joint Plantarflexion = It refers to increasing the angle with regard to the anatomical position, so that the foot points inferiorly. Embryologically it is a flexion at the ankle joint

Question 27

compare inversion and eversion

Answer 27

Inversion movement of the sole towards the median plane Eversion movement of the sole away from the median plane

Question 28

Define circumduction.

Answer 28

Conical movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled.

Question 29

compare opposition and reposition

Answer 29

Opposition = Movement that brings the thumb and little finger together. Reposition = movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition

Question 30

what are the 6 hand movements

Answer 30

Question 31

Define protraction.

Answer 31

Movement of protruding or reaching out to something.

Question 32

Define retraction.

Answer 32

Movement of retracting or picking up something.

Question 33

Define elevation.

Answer 33

Movement in a superior direction.

Question 34

Define depression.

Answer 34

Movement in an inferior direction.

Question 35

What 5 regions come under the axial skeleton?

Answer 35

Question 36

what 6 regions come under the appendicular skeleton

Answer 36

Question 37

What are the 4 quadrants of the body?

Answer 37

upper right lower right upper left lower left

Question 38

What are the 10 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 38

Question 39

what 2 planes is the abdomen split into

Answer 39

Question 40

what is appendicitis' relation to regions of the abdomen?

Answer 40

Appendicitis typically starts with a **pain in the middle of your abdomen** that **may come and go** - in your umbilical region. Within hours, the pain travels to the **lower right-hand side,** where the appendix usually lies, and becomes constant and severe - **the appendix therefore lies in the right iliac fossa region.**

Question 41

what is Acute cholecystitis' relation to regions of abdomen.

Answer 41

The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is a **sudden, sharp pain** in the **upper right-hand side of your abdomen** - **right hypochondrium.** This **pain spreads towards your right shoulder.**