Skeleton and joints (correct)

Question 1

what is axial skeleton

Answer 1

bones of the head (skull), neck and trunk

Question 2

what is appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

bones of the limbs

Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 5

Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, and Fibrocartilage.

Question 6

which 5 places is hyaline cartilage located?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the 4 functions of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 7

Question 8

what 3 places is elastic cartilage located?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Answer 9

It provides flexible support for soft tissues.

Question 10

What 3 places is fibrocartilage located?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Answer 11

It resists deformation under stress.

Question 12

What tissues are bones composed of?

Answer 12

Bones consist of bone tissue and other connective tissues such as haemopoietic tissue, adipose tissue, and nerve tissue.

Question 13

What are the four main functions of bones?

Answer 13

Protection and support
Movement
Storage for calcium and phosphate
Blood cell production

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

mature bones are composed of structural units called what?

Answer 15

osteons

Question 16

What are osteons composed of?

Answer 16

Osteons are composed of concentric lamellae surrounding the osteonal canal

Question 17

Name the three types of lamellae in bone.

Answer 17

Concentric lamellae – surround the osteonal canal
Outer circumferential lamellae – on the outer surface of bone
Inner circumferential lamellae – on the inner surface near the endosteum

Question 18

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 18

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.

Question 19

What are osteocytes, and where are they found?

Answer 19

Osteocytes are mature bone cells enclosed by bone matrix previously secreted by osteoblasts.

Question 20

What is the role of osteoclasts?

Answer 20

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption.

Question 21

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Question 25

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Question 26

what are the 6 attachment sites of tendons, ligaments, and fascia in bones

Answer 26

tubercle trochanter process tuberosity line fossa

Question 27

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Question 31

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Question 32

what are the 3 passageways of structures

Answer 32

foramen grove/ suclus notch

Question 33

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Question 36

what are the 6 joint formations

Answer 36

head condyles facets capitulum trochlea Epicondyles

Question 37

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Question 41

What are the two main types of bone ossification (development)?

Answer 41

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

Question 42

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 42

Question 43

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 43

Question 44

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Question 45

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Question 46

What is the definition of joints?

Answer 46

Joints are unions or junctions between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton.

Question 47

What is another name for joints?

Answer 47

Articulations or arthroses hence inflammation of joints = arthritis

Question 48

What are the three types of joints based on structure and movement?

Answer 48

Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

Question 49

What are fibrous joints joined by? what kind of movement does this allow?

Answer 49

United by fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue). Allow no significant movement.

Question 50

What are cartilaginous joints joined by? what kind of movement does this allow?

Answer 50

Joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage. Slightly moveable

Question 51

what are the primary and secondary types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 51

Primary type: Synchondroses. Secondary type: Symphysis.

Question 52

What are synovial joints united by?

Answer 52

United by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity.

Question 53

what does the joint cavity in synovial joint contain? what does this allow?

Answer 53

Joint cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid. Permit free movement, depending on the joint's shape.

Question 54

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Question 60

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Question 61

What structurally strengthens and reinforces synovial joints?

Answer 61

Ligaments structurally strengthen and reinforce synovial joints

Question 62

What are some distinguishing features of synovial joints?

Answer 62

Some synovial joints have distinguishing features such as fibrocartilaginous articular discs (e.g., TMJ) or meniscus (e.g., knee).

Question 63

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Question 64

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Question 65

What are the three types of uniaxial synovial joints?

Answer 65

Pivot, Hinge, and Plane joints.

Question 66

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Question 68

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Question 69

give an example of a pivot joint

Answer 69

Question 70

give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 70

Question 71

give an example of a plane joint

Answer 71

Question 72

what are the 2 types of biaxial synovial joints

Answer 72

Saddle Condyloid

Question 73

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Question 74

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Question 74

give an example of a saddle joint

Answer 74

Question 75

give an example of a condyloid joint

Answer 75

Question 76

what is a type of multiaxial synovial joint?

Answer 76

Ball and socket

Question 77

Answer 77

Question 78

give an example of a ball and socket joint

Answer 78

Question 79

What supplies blood to joints?

Answer 79

articular arteries

Question 80

What is formed when articular arteries anastomose?

Answer 80

peri-articular arterial anastomoses.

Question 81

How are joints innervated?

Answer 81

innervated by articular nerves with sensory endings in the joint capsule for proprioception and nociception.

Question 82

What is Hilton’s law?

Answer 82

Hilton’s law states that the nerves supplying the muscles acting on the joint also supply the joint itself.

Question 83

What branches of nerves supply the joints?

Answer 83

Branches of cutaneous nerves supply the overlying skin. Branches of nerves supplying muscles that cross the joint.