anatomy 1 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
what is a ganglion?
A
mini brain; neurons grouped together but not complicated enough to be a true brain
2
Q
what organs are a part of the urinary system?
A
kidneys, renal arteries, capillaries, renal vein, ureter, bladder, urethra
3
Q
what organs make up the peripheral nervous system?
A
nerves and recpetors
4
Q
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
A
protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, insulation/cushioning, vitamin D synthesis
5
Q
what does highly vascularized mean?
A
has lots of blood vessels
6
Q
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
A
duodenum, jgunum, ilium
7
Q
where is the brain stem located?
A
at the top of the spinal cord
8
Q
what is epiphysis?
A
ends of the bone (sometimes called “spongy bone”)
9
Q
what does highly vascularized mean?
A
has a lot of blood vessels
10
Q
what are the organs of the integumentary system?
A
skin, glands, muscles (cause hair to stand up), hair, nails, blood vessels, receptors and neurons
11
Q
how do protein based hormones trigger a cell?
A
land on the cell receptor on the plasma membrane and trigger a secondary messenger
12
Q
what is the pharynx?
A
a structure at the top of the throat which sorts things going to the digestive tract from things in the respiratory system
13
Q
what are microvilli?
A
provide surface area for cells in the digestive system
14
Q
what are tissues?
A
groups of cells similar in structure and function
15
Q
what is the largest organ in the body?
A
skin
16
Q
why is the brain wrinkled?
A
to increase surface area
17
Q
what is the purpose of the liver in digestion?
A
produces bile which takes fat and allows it to be broken down for use
18
Q
what are sympathetic nerves?
A
used for physical activity, fight or flight, stressful situations
19
Q
how can the integumentary system assist in thermoregulation?
A
sweating, can retroute blood to and away from the skin, has a layer of fat
20
Q
what are exocrine glands?
A
release outside of the body (sweat, oil, earwax, etc.)
21
Q
what type of tissue is blood?
A
connective tissue
22
Q
name an example of a primitive nervous system.
A
cnidarians have a nerve net
23
Q
what is the function of the cerebellum?
A
controls muscle movements/skeletal movements
24
Q
what is myoglobin?
A
protein molecule that is useful for storing proteins
25
what is peristalsis?
contractions which push things along the pathway of the GI tract
26
what does the hypothalamus do?
maintains homeostasis and communicates with the pituitary gland
27
what two things can hormones be based on?
amino acids based (protein-like) or lipid based
28
what was the purpose of the appendix?
used to help the body digest cellulose, no longer functional
29
what is the main byproduct of the urinary system?
urine
30
what are parasympathetic nerves?
work when we are relaxing
31
how does the integumentary system provide protection for the body?
physical barrier, has oil and benign bacteria living on it that repel bacterial growth
32
give an example of a hormone produced by the thymus.
thymosin: assists in the production of T-cells, fights infection
33
what is the function of the urinary system?
osmoregulation
34
what is the ureter?
a tube from the kidney that uses gravity to drain to the bladder
35
give an example of a hormone produced by the testes.
luteinizing hormones (testosterone)
36
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
parential, frontal, temporal, occipital
37
what is the purpose of cartilage?
smooths bone connections (in joints)
38
what are neurotransmitters?
signals/messengers delivered my the nervous system that are very fast
39
what are the 3 types of primitive embryo tissues?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
40
what are the 2 types of digestion that happen in the stomach?
mechanical and chemical digestion
41
what are gastric glands?
glands within the stomach that produce enzymes and hydrochloric acid
42
what type of nerves are most nerves?
mixed nerves; act as a two-way street for signals to and from the CNS
43
what is adipose tissue?
fat tissue in the hypodermal layer of the skin that insulates and cushions the body
44
what is salivary amylase?
an enzyme in saliva
45
what is mechanical digestion?
physically breaking down food
46
give an example of a hormone produced of the pancreas.
insulin: regulates blood sugar
47
what are the 2 types of contractile proteins?
actin and myosin
48
where are parathyroid glands located?
embedded in the back of the thyroid
49
where are glands located in the brain?
in the diencephalon
50
what is brain mapping?
looking at patients who have had brain trauma and determining what various parts of the brain control based of what functions have been lost; considered to be the final frontier of the body
51
what is system integration?
body doesn't operate as separate systems, they are all integrated and work together
52
what is the diencephalon?
"gateway" to the cerebrum; small part of the brain in the center, not very visible
53
what is saliva?
made up of mostly water and mucus with some enzymes which lubricates food
54
what is chyme?
a paste of food left after the stomach that moves into the small intestine
55
what are the organs in the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, receptors
56
what is the purpose of hair?
insulation, tactile, camouflage
57
what are stimuli?
changes in the environment that trigger a response in the body
58
what does "renal" mean?
refers to something related to the kidneys
59
what are the twelve organ systems?
nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, muscular, urinary, skeletal, lymphatic, endocrine, integumentary, immune
60
what is a nerve net?
neurons spread equally throughout the body
61
what is the urethra?
tube leading out of the body, has 2 sphincters
62
what is the purpose of oil?
keeps hair flexible, bactericide
63
what is the function of the gallbladder?
stores extra bile
64
what does tactile mean?
can pick up a lot of senses
65
where is the duodenum?
at the top of the small intestine where the pancreas and liver excrete stuff
66
what are ligaments?
connect bones together
67
what is the medullary cavity?
hollow space within bones to decrease weight; filled with bone marrow
68
give an example of a hormone produced by the thyroid.
thylacine: regulates metabolism
69
why are muscles highly vascularized?
because muscles need a lot of oxygen and glucose
70
what are sensory nerves?
carry info to the CNS from receptors
71
what are the 3 layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
72
what is osmoregulation?
regulates fluids in the body and their concentrations
73
what are negative feedback loops?
often how glands are shut off; when concentration drops, a gland will stop producing hormones
74
what are the functions of the nervous system?
detect stimuli, carry info to the CNS, trigger a response
75
what is the pyloric sphincter?
sphincter within the duodenum which regulates chyme passage
76
what is urochrae?
a pigment found in urine (makes it yellow)
77
what is the axial skeleton?
ribs, vertebrate, skull (things central)
78
where do the pancreas and the liver introduce bile and enzymes into the GI tract?
at the top of the small intestines
79
why is the stomach coated in mucus?
protection against acid
80
what is melanin?
pigment found in the epidermis that protects against UV rays
81
name the 3 main parts of the brain.
brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum
82
what is the purpose of the pancreas in the digestive system?
produces enzymes that can further break down food; produces a buffer to raise the pH to allow the small intestine's enzymes to function
83
what are the ways that a gland can be turned on?
1. neural stimulation (signal from the brain)
2. hormonal stimulation (a hormone turns on the gland)
3. some glands detect chemical concentration
84
what are the functions of muscles?
movement, protection, generate heat, posture, stabilize joints
85
what is a target organ?
where a hormone acts (determined using receptors on cells)
86
what happens in the rectum?
feces are stores before being expelled
87
where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidneys
88
give an example of a hormone produced by the pineal gland.
melatonin
89
what are the organs of the cirulatory system?
heart, veins, arteries, blood vessels
90
list 4 accessory structures to the digestive system.
salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver
91
what is a sphincter?
a ring of muscles that can contract and shut a tube
92
what do the nervous system and the endocrine system have in common?
they both control the body
93
give an example of a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
adrenaline: tells the heart to pump more blood
94
what organs make up the central nervous system?
the brain and spinal cord
95
what are hormones?
chemicals released by glands of the endocrine system to tell the body to do something (slower than the nervous system)
96
what are tendons?
wrappings that connect muscles and bones (and sometimes muscles with other muscles)
97
what are the 3 major glands in the brain?
pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary
98
what does the cecum do?
produces mucus to lubricate the lining of the large intestines
99
what is the vagus nerve?
longest cranial nerve, goes from the heart to the brain; demonstrates how important that organ is that is has a direct pathway to the brain
100
what are motor nerves?
leave the CNS and go out to muscles/glands with a response
101
what are fascicles?
long, thin fibers wrapped together with a tissue layer (lots of these make up muscles)
102
give an example of a hormone produced by the pituitary gland.
growth hormone
103
what is a systematic hormone?
works body-wide
104
what is the function of the skeletal system?
movement, protection, mineral storage, a little bit of fat storage
105
name the parts of the GI tract in order.
mouth/oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, anus
106
why does the stomach need hydrochloric acid?
the acid lowers the pH and allows the enzymes to function
107
what happens in the large intestine?
water and salts are reabsorbed into the body
108
where is the thymus located?
on top on the heart
109
what is keratin?
waterproofs the skin; soft keratin exists throughout most of the skin, hard keratin makes up nails
110
what is dialysis?
a machine mimicking the kidneys that can help people with malfunctioning kidneys
111
what is plasma?
the fluid in blood
112
what is the function of the diencephalon?
information gets routed through here on the way to the cerebrum; acts like a traffic conductor, determines where info goes; filters info away from the brain so it doesn`t get overwhelmed
113
what is filtrate?
fluid squeezed out of the blood in the kidneys
114
what happens in the small intestines?
nutrients are absorbed into the body
115
what are the 3 types of muscle?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
116
what is the function of the brain stem?
"primitive brain" but super important; controls basic functions of life subconsiously
117
what is chemical digestion?
digestion brought about by enzymes
118
how do lipid based hormones trigger a cell?
land on the cell receptor and pass through the plasma membrane
119
what is the function of the cerebrum?
higher mental functions; things you are consciously aware of (sight, pain, smell)
120
give an example of a hormone produced by the ovaries.
follicle stimulating hormone: triggers the release of the egg
121
what is diaphysis?
"compound bone"; shaft of the bone, sturdy
122
what does the prefix endo- mean?
within; "endo"crine means released within the body
123
what are the 4 types of tissues?
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
124
what is the appendicular skeleton?
bones used for movement
125
what is histology?
the study of tissues
126
what causes kidney stones?
mineral buildup in the kidneys
