anatomy Flashcards
what are the regions of the upper limb
axilla arm elbow/cubitoal fossa forearm wrist hand
what are the regions of the lower limbs
inguinal region/groin thigh knee/popliteal fossa leg ankle foot
what is superficial fascia
a layer of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue that connects the skin to the underlying bones or deep fascia
what is deep fascia
It covers most of the body deep to the skin and superficial fasciae and it is a relatively tough sheet. It is mad of dense connective tissue and divides the limbs into compartments. It is usually glistening white in appearance
what are end arteries
Arteries which do not anastomose with their neighbors are called end arteries. There is no collateral circulation present besides the end arteries.
characteristics of superficial veins
run in superficial fascia smaller thinner highly variable patterns drain into deep veins
characteristics of deep veins
run deep to deep fascia larger thicker more predictable often occur in neuromuscular bundles
what are common variants of superficial veins in cubital fossa
median cephalic vein
median basilic vein
median vein of forearm (20%)
how does venous blood flow into deep veins
It flows from superficial veins to deep veins through perforating veins that are at an oblique angle ( the oblique angle means that when the muscle contracts, the deep fascia helps increase the pressure in the fascia compartment and perforating vein is compressed which stops the back flow of venous blood)
what is a vena comitantes
A vein that accompanies and artery
what is the route of the superficial lymphatics in the upper limb
arise from plexuses in fingers and hands and follow the cephalic and basilic veins
what is the route of the deep lymphatics in the upper limb
follow deep veins of the upper limb and drain into the lateral axillary lymph nodes
the axillary lymph nodes all drain to the subclavian lymphatics
what is the route of the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb
follow the saphenous veins (great and small saphenous veins)
what is the route of the deep lymphatics of the lower limb
follow the deep veins of the lower limb and drain into the popliteal nodes then into the deep inguinal nodes and then into the external iliac nodes
what is ischaemia
inadequate oxygenation of cells due to an interruption of the blood supply (arterial or venous)
