Anatomy Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What is the nasal cavity divided by into two compartments?
A
Cartilaginous septum
2
Q
What structure forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
A
Conchea
3
Q
What is the function of conchae?
A
It warms, filters and moistens the inspired air
4
Q
What structure is found between Conchae?
A
The meatuses
5
Q
What is the function of meatuses?
A
To create a pathway for the inspired air to flow through the nasal cavity.
6
Q
Which meatus is more significant and why?
A
Middle meatus - the most significant space in the nasal cavity considering the drainage of paranasal sinuses.
7
Q
Where is the olfactory epithelium found and what do they contain?
A
Within the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptor cells, which have specalised cilia extensions.
8
Q
How many paranasal sinuses are there?
A
Four
9
Q
What is the function of sinuses?
A
- Reduced weight of the skull
- Allow voice to resonate
- Produce mucus
10
Q
Name the sinuses
A
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Maxillary
11
Q
Where are the sinuses located and where are their openings?
A
- Frontal
- located in the superior to your eyes
- opening in the semilunar hiatus in the middle meatus - Sphenoid
- located behind the nose between the eyes
- opening in the spheno-ethmoid recess - Ethmoid
- located between nose and eyes
- opening in multiple regions:
- semilunar hiatus (Anterior)
- ethmoid bulla (middle)
- superior meatus (posterior) - Maxillary
- located inferior to the eyes
- opening in the semilunar hiatus in the middle meatus
12
Q
What do all sinuses drain into?
A
Superior and middle meatuses
13
Q
What are sinus infections?
A
Buildup of fluid in the sinuses creating and environment fir bacteria to grow and divide.
14
Q
What is the main cause of sinus infection?
A
Viruses
15
Q
Which sinus is prone to infections and why?
A
Maxillary sinus is prone to infection due to poor communication with the nasal cavity
16
Q
How does maxillary infection cause toothaches?
A
The roots of the teeth are located on the floor of the maxillary sinus (separated by a THIN sheet), therefore infection of the sinus can irritate the roots resulting in toothaches.
17
Q
Where is the opening of Nasolacromial duct located?
A
Below the inferior conchae
18
Q
What is the function of Nasolacromial duct?
A
It connects the nasal cavity to the eye and drains excess tears from the lacrimal duct.
19
Q
What will happen if Nasolacromial duct is blocked?
A
Tears will spill over the eye-lid and eyes stream.
20
Q
Where is the auditory tube located?
A
On the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
21
Q
What is pharynx?
A
It is a muscular tube situated behind the nose, mouth and larynx.
22
Q
Functions of Pharynx include….?
A
Respiratory and digestive
23
Q
How many parts of pharynx are there?
A
There are three parts:
- Behind the nose (nasopharynx)
- Behind the mouth (oropharynx)
- Behind the larynx (laryngopharynx)
24
Q
Describe the structures that form the boundaries of each part of the larynx.
A
- Nasopharynx
- Conchae to soft palate - Oropharynx
- Soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis - Laryngopharynx
- Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
25
Which structure separates the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
The epiglottis
26
What are tonsils?
Specalised reticular connective tissue containing large number of lymphocytes
27
What are the functions of tonsils?
- Filters lymph to trap and kill pathogenic bacteria
| - Produce antibodies
28
What are the two types of tonsils?
Palatine and Pharyngeal
29
What is the location of each type of tonsil?
- Palatine
- Posterior, inferior part of the oral cavity
- Pharyngeal
- Posterior, superior wall of nasopharynx
30
What is Larynx?
The entrance to the lower respiratory system, connecting the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
31
What three cells are found in the larynx?
- Ciliated cells
- Goblet cells
- Basal cells
32
Describe the structure of the larynx
- It is composed of multiple cartilages which articulate with each other at tiny joints.
- The cartilages of the larynx move at these joints due to the action of several small laryngeal muscles.
33
What is the the muscles of larynx are supplied by?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
34
What are the functions of the larynx?
- Respiration
- Allows the passage of air through the trachea. It can open wider depending on if it is quiet or forced inspiration.
- Phonation
- Vibration of closed vocal folds allow them to produce sounds which are then modified by the upper airways and oral cavity to assist in speech production.
- Effort clouser
- Actively trying to keep the air inside the thoracic cavity to stabilise the trunk and increase the intra-abdominal pressure.
- Swallowing
- It closes the larynx when the epiglottis comes over it - moving it up and down which opens the oseophagus posteriorly to prevent food from going into the lungs.
35
What is Aspiration Pneumonia?
A lung infection that occurs when food, saliva, liquids, or vomit is breathed into the lungs, instead of being swallowed into the oesophagus and stomach.
36
What are symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia?
- Chest pain
- Coughing up sputum
- Fatigue
- Fever
- SOB
- Wheezing
37
How is aspiration pneumonia treated?
With antibiotics
38
What structure forms the anterior boundary of the inlet to the larynx?
The epiglottis
39
What are aryepiglottic folds?
Two folds of mucous membrane, extending from the sides of the epiglottis downwards and backwards.
40
Describe the action of Larynx during swallowing
The epiglottis extends superiorly and during swallowing will move to cover the laryngeal inlet to prevent the food /drink passing into the trachea.
41
Describe the action of aryepiglottic folds during swallowing
They move towards the midline.
42
Name two mucosal folds that stretch across the cavity of the larynx inferior to the aryepiglottic folds.
- Vestibule folds (upper pair)
| - Vocal folds (lower pair)
43
Is it possible to breath and swallow at the same time? Explain your answer
No because swallowing mechanism closes off parts of respiratory tract required for breathing.
44
Which folds are involved in phonation?
Vocal cords
Tensing the folds in the airstream during expiration causes them to vibrate, producing sound.
45
How is pitch determined?
Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the folds.
46
How is Loudness determined?
The force of the air expelled from the lungs and passed over them.
47
What is Endotracheal intubation?
It is the passage of flexible plastic tube into the mouth, through the larynx and into the trachea.
48
When is endotracheal intubation performed?
When a patient cannot breath for themselves.
- General anaesthesia
- Ventilator
49
What piece of equipment is used to insert the ET tube?
Laryngoscope is used to hold the tounge out of the way so that the vocal cords can be visualised and the operator can be sure to see the tube pass through between the folds, into the larynx.
50
What structures are found in the upper respiratory system?
- Nosal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
51
What structures are found in the lower respiratory system?
- Trachea
- Lung
- Bronchi
52
How many lobes does the each lung have?
- Right lung has 3 lobes
| - Left lung has 2 lobes
53
Which fissures are present on the right lung?
Horizontal fissure and Oblique fissure
54
Which fissures are present on the left lung?
Oblique fissure
55
What structures are found in the lung hila?
- Pulmonary veins
- Pulmonary arteries
- Bronchus
56
Which structure is found inferior to the hilum (continuation of the hila)?
Pulmonary ligament
57
What additional structures are found in the hila?
- Autonomic nerves
| - Lymph nodes
58
Where do the bronchial arteries orignate from?
Aorta
59
In quiet respiration, at which anatomical landmark is right lung will be found in?
2-5th intercostal space
60
In quiet respiration, at which anatomical landmark is left lung will be found in?
2-7th intercostal space
61
In quiet respiration, at which anatomical landmark is oblique fissure of the lung will be found in?
5th intercostal space
62
In quiet respiration, at which anatomical landmark is horizontal fissure of the lung will be found in?
5th intercostal space
63
The lung size is not equal, why?
The right lung is shorter, because the liver sits high.
64
What is Trachea?
A flexible, hollow tube that extends from above C6 to T4/T5.
65
Describe the location of the trachea.
The trachea begins just under the larynx and runs down behind the sternum .
It then divides into smaller tubes called bronchi (one bronchus for each lung).
66
What is the trachea surrounded by?
C shaped cartilaginous rings
67
What is the function of C shaped cartilaginous rings?
They allow the trachea to collapse slightly at the opening so that food can pass down the oesophagus.
68
What is Carina?
It is a ridge of cartilage in the trachea that occurs just before it bifurcates into bronchi.
69
How is carina clinically significant?
Many lymph nodes lie around trachea and bronchi. It's enlargement can lead to distortion of its shape.
70
What are the 10 functionally independant segments found within the lungs?
Trachea > main bronchus > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveoli
71
Where in the lung does gas exchange takes place?
Alveoli
72
What type of cells are found in the trachea?
- Basal cells
- Ciliated cells
- Goblet cells
- Serous cells
- Mucus gland cells
73
What type of cells are found in the alveoli?
- Alveolar type I cells
| - Alveolar type II cells
74
What can obstruct upper airways?
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Tonsilitis
75
What can obstruct lower airways?
- Asthma
| - Bronchiolitis
76
Name disorders affecting the lungs
Pneumonia
77
Name disorders around the lungs
- Pneumothorax
| - Rib fractures
78
What is the difference between pulmonary and bronchial circulation?
- Bronchial circulation describes more functional aspect of supplying the lung tissue with the blood necessary to function.
- Pulmonary circulation is where gas exchange can occur.
79
Describe the process of pulmonary circulation
- Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via two pulmonary arteries from the pulmonary trunk.
- Divides until becoming capillaries at the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs.
- Gas exchange occurs.
- Two leave each lung and bring the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.
80
Describe the process of bronchial circulation
- Arterial branches come from 3rd posterior intercostal arteries and thoracic aorta.
- Enter at the hilum and divide to supply pulmonary tissue.
- Return as bronchial veins and drain into either pulmonary veins or azygous network.
81
Innervation of lung structures generally originate from two sources; Name 2 nerve and their effects.
- Vagus nerve (efferents constrict bronchioles)
| - Sympathetic trunk (efferents dilate bronchioles)
82
Name two plexuses which branches towards the airways and vessels.
- Anterior pulmonary plexuses
| - posterior pulmonary plexuses
83
What is pleura?
It is a pair of serous lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs.
84
How many layers of pleura are there
Visceral and parietal - one on either side of the mediastinum.
85
What is the function of pleura?
The pleural fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the parietal and visceral pleura to glide over each other friction free. This fluid is produced by the pleural layers themselves.
86
Define Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax arises when membrane surrounding rib is damaged. pocket of air enters into the lungs and becomes trapped squashing the lungs.
87
Define Haemothorax
Blood enters into the lungs which collects at the base of the lungs.
88
Define Chylothorax
Damage to the thoracic duct causing chyle to leak into the pleural cavity.
89
Define emphysema
Pus-filled pockets formed in pleural cavity due to bacterial infection.
90
What are the innervation of the pleura?
- Visceral > ANS > no sensory receptors
| - Parietal > phrenic and intercostal nerves
91
Which pleura is prone to irritation and why?
Parietal pleura is sensitive to pain. Irritation to parietal pleura may produce referred pain in the thoracic and abdominal walls (intercostal) and intercostal nerves (phrenic).
92
What is costodiaphragmatic recess?
Spaces at the base of the lungs
93
what is the clinical significance of costodiaphragmatic recess?
- The negative pressure of the pleural cavity acts as a suction to keep the lungs from collapsing.
- Fluid can collect into these pockets and be aspirated from here.
94
What is mediastinum?
It is the area between two pulmonary cavities. It is divided into superior and inferior mediastinum.
95
What are the contents of superior mediastinum?
- Thoracic inlet
- Manubrium
- Vertebral bodies (T1-T4)
- Lung pleura
96
What are the contents of inferior mediastinum?
- Thoracic inlet
- Diaphragm
- Vertebral bodies (T5-T12)
- Lung pleura
97
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
- Drains lymph nodes from the entire body except for the right quadrant body.
- Drains into the venous system
- Terminates at the formation of left brachiocephalic
98
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Right side of head, neck, thorax and arm.
99
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Left side of head, neck, thorax, arm and all pelvis and lower limb.
100
What is the function of recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Motor innervation of the larynx muscles.
101
What are the consequences of damage to laryngeal nerve?
Damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve can lead to loss of voice.
102
Where does the innervation to the thorax comes from?
Spinal nerves T1-T11
| "The space before rib 12 is supplied by the subcostal nerve from spinal nerve T12"
103
What innervates the overlying skin?
All the nerves passes through intercostal space gives off a lateral cutaneous and anterior cutaneous branch which innervates the overlying skin
104
Where does the collateral branch runs?
It runs along the superior surface of the inferior rib.
105
Describe the anatomical location of the breast?
The base of the breast extends inferiorly from the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space to the 6th rib and costal cartilage.
106
What is the arterial supply to the breast?
- Medially - internal thoracic artery
- Laterally - branches of axillary artery
- Perforating chest wall - 2-4th intercostal arteries
107
Describe the venous supply to the breast?
- Medially - internal thoracic vein
- Laterally - branches of axillary vein
- Perforating chest wall - 2-4th intercostal veins
108
Where do the lymphatics from the right breast drain into?
Lymphatic duct
109
Where do the lymphatics from the right breast drain into?
Thoracic duct
