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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of organs within the digestive system?

A
  • Gastrointestinal/Alimentary canal

- Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)?

A

A continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus

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3
Q

What are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)?

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Organs that aid in digestion

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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5
Q

What 3 regions are the abdomen?

A
  • Intrathoracic
  • True Abdomen
  • Retroperitoneal abdomen
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6
Q

Where is the Intrathoracic region?

A

Enclosed by lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm

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7
Q

What are the organs within the intrathoracic region?

A
  • Solids
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder (contained)
  • Spleen
  • Hollow
  • Stomach
  • Transverse colon
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8
Q

What are the organs of the true abdomen?

A
  • Small intestines
  • Large intestines
  • Liver (lower portions)
  • Bladder
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9
Q

What are the female organs of the pelvic portion of the true abdomen?

A
  • Uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
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10
Q

Where does the retroperitoneal abdomen lie and what is it separated by?

A
  • Lies behind the true and thoracic portions

- Separated by retroperitoneal membrane from true/thoracic portions

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11
Q

What are the organs of the retroperitoneal abdomen?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Pancreas
  • Posterior Duodenum
  • Ascending/Descending colon
  • Inferior Vena Cava
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12
Q

What are the 6 basic functions of digestion?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and Propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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13
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking in food and liquid through the mouth

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14
Q

What is secretion?

A

Cells lining GI tract produces water, acid, buffers, and enzymes to aid digestion

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15
Q

What is mixing and propulsion?

A

Continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along GI tract

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16
Q

What is digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest

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17
Q

What is absorption?

A

Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells

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18
Q

What is defecation?

A

Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion

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19
Q

What are the four distinct tissue layers in the GI tract?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
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20
Q

What is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with substances passing through?

A

Mucosa tissue layer

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21
Q

What is the submucosa?

A
  • Areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa to muscularis

- Contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules

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22
Q

What tissue layer contains skeletal (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary) muscles?

A

Muscularis

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23
Q

What two sub layers make up the Serosa?

A
  • Visceral peritoneum

- Parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Outermost layer around organs of the GI tract

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25
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

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26
Q

What is the Greater Omentum?

A

“Fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine

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27
Q

What is the Mesentery?

A

Binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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28
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
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29
Q

What is the purpose of salivary glands?

A
  • Dissolve food and begin digestion

- Made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes

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30
Q

What is contained within salivary glands that kills bacteria protecting the mouth from infection and tooth decay?

A

Lysozomes

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31
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

It begins the digestion of starches in the mouth

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32
Q

What does mucus produced by salivary glands do?

A

Lubricates food to assist in the swallowing food

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33
Q

What is the function of the tongue in the purpose of digestion?

A
  • Maneuvers food for chewing

- Forces food to the back of the mouth to be swallowed

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34
Q

What is the fold of mucous membrane that limits movement of the tongue posteriorly?

A

Frenulum

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35
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • Funnel shaped tube, at the posterior end of the oral cavity
  • Lined with mucous membrane
  • Comprised of skeletal muscle
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36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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37
Q

What is the purpose of the laryngopharynx?

A

Helps propel food into the esophagus via muscular contractions

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38
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A
  • Muscular tube lined with stratified squamous epithelium

- Transports food along its path while mixing it with mucus

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39
Q

The muscularis of the esophagus forms what two sphincters?

A
  • Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)

- Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

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40
Q

What types of muscles are the UES and LES?

A
  • UES: Skeletal muscle

- LES: Smooth muscle

41
Q

What are the phases of swallowing?

A
  • Voluntary
  • Pharyngeal
  • Esophageal
42
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

J-shaped organ

  • Serves as a reservoir and mixing chamber for food
  • Aids in digestion
  • Most elastic part of GI tract
43
Q

What type of environment is the contained in the stomach?

A

Acidic with pH of 2

44
Q

Where does the stomach extend?

A

From the end of esophagus to beginning of duodenum

45
Q

The stomach can stretch to accommodate how many liters of food?

A

6.4 L

46
Q

What are the four main regions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
47
Q

What type of cells are gastric gland cells?

A

Exocrine Cells

48
Q

Gastric gland cells secrete what 3 types of contents that make up gastric juices?

A
  • Mucus neck cells
  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
49
Q

What do mucus neck cells secrete?

A

Mucus

50
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

51
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCL): helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin
  • Intrinsic factor (IF): if necessary for absorption of B12 in small intestine
52
Q

What is the major hormone regulator of Hydrochloric acid?

A

Gastrin

53
Q

Where is gastrin secreted?

A

By G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach

54
Q

What is chyme?

A

Thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach and is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles

55
Q

What are the two types of functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Endocrine

- Exocrine

56
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Happen within Islet of Langerhans

- Islet of Langerhans made up of different cells that create hormones

57
Q

What is the most common cell within the Islet of Langerhans and what does it produce?

A
  • Beta cells

- Produce insulin

58
Q

What do alpha cells produce in the Islet of Langerhans, and what is it’s role?

A
  • Glucagon

- Prevent blood glucose from dropping too low

59
Q

What is one of the most important accessory organs within the GI tract?

A

Pancreas

60
Q

What does the pancreas play a vital role in?

A

Chemical digestion

61
Q

How are secretions passed through the pancreas to the duodenum?

A

Pass through the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct to create Hepatopancreatic duct, then secretions pass through Sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum

62
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that make up pancreatic juice?

A

Clear, colorless liquid mostly made up of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate

63
Q

What are the digesting proteins contained in the pancreatic juice?

A
  • Trypsin
  • Chymotrypsin
  • Broken down into amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides
64
Q

What are the digesting starches (carbohydrates) in the pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic amylase

- Broken down and absorbed by monosaccharides

65
Q

What are the digesting triglycerides (fat) in the pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic lipase

- broken down and absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids

66
Q

What are the digesting nucleic acid in the pancreatic juice?

A

Ribonuclease

67
Q

What is the second largest organ in the body?

A

Liver

68
Q

What is the liver responsible for?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Protein metabolism
  • Processing drugs/hormones
  • Excretion of bilirubin
  • Storage of vitamins and minerals
  • Activation of vitamin D
69
Q

What is Stercobilin?

A
  • Bile pigment
  • End product of heme catabolism
  • Chemical responsible for brown color of feces
70
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions

71
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Pear-shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver

72
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A
  • Stores bile to be released into the small intestine

- Aids in chemical digestion (especially digestion of fats)

73
Q

What are the ducts that make up the duct system of the liver and gallbladder?

A
  • Left and Right Hepatic duct
  • Cystic Duct
  • Common bile duct
  • Hepatopancreatic duct
  • Sphincter of Oddi
74
Q

Bile and waste created within the live are passed into what ducts?

A

Left/Right hepatic duct

75
Q

Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through what duct?

A

Cystic duct

76
Q

The common bile duct is the formation of what two ducts?

A
  • Left/right hepatic duct

- Cystic duct

77
Q

What is the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

Muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum

78
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic duct?

A

Merging of the common bile duct with the pancreatic duct

79
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Segment of GI system after the stomach

  • Approx 3 meters (10 ft) in living person
  • Can stretch to 6.5 m (21 ft) in cadaver
80
Q

What are the 3 types of endocrine cells contained within intestinal glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream?

A
  • S cells
  • CCK Cells
  • K Cells
81
Q

What hormone does an S cell secrete?

A
  • Secretin, which stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice
82
Q

What do CCK cells secrete?

A
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Regulates gastric emptying
  • Stimulates bile/pancreatic juice secretion
  • Relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
  • Feeling of satiety
83
Q

What do K cells secrete?

A
  • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

- Stimulates release of insulin

84
Q

What are the 3 different sections of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
85
Q

What sphincter does the duodenum attach to and what is a significant landmark of the duodenum?

A
  • Attaches to pyloric sphincter

- Ligament of Trietz

86
Q

What is significant about the ligament to trietz?

A
  • Connects the duodenal-jejunal flexure

- Line of demarcation that denotes between upper/lower GI bleeds

87
Q

What is the primary function of the jejunum?

A
  • Absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

- Middle portion of small intestine

88
Q

How is the ileum attached to the large intestine?

A

Ileocecal sphincter/valve

89
Q

What does the ileum do?

A

Absorbs remaining nutrient, B12, and bile salts

90
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  • Mechanical via segmentation and peristalsis

- Chemical via pancreatic enzymes, bile, and intestinal juice

91
Q

What are the four regions of the large intestine?

A
  • Cecum
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal Canal
92
Q

What is the first part of the large intestine and is attached to the appendix?

A

Cecum

93
Q

What are the portions of the colon?

A

Ascending, Transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions

94
Q

What is the anal canal?

A
  • Last 2-3 cm of the rectum

- Consists of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters

95
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • Complete absorption
  • Absorb vitamins produced by bacteria (B and K)
  • Forms feces
96
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A
  • Cephalic
  • Gastric
  • Intestinal
97
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?

A
  • Smell, sight, sound, or thought of food stimulates salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juices
98
Q

What happens during gastric phase of digestion?

A

When food enters stomach, gastrin is released promoting release of gastric juice increasing mobility of stomach

99
Q

What happens during intestinal phase of digestion?

A

When food enters small intestine

  • inhibitory effect slows gastric emptying
  • Excitatory effect stimulates pancreatic juice to aid in absorption and digestion

Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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