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Dentistry Module 4 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Which suture is thought to be particularly pronounced due to more complex bio mechanical forces at this site?

A

Lambdoid suture

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2
Q

How may the lambdoid suture be identified?

A

Due to its very characteristic jagged appearance

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3
Q

How may the squamous suture be identified?

A

Due to its thin and non-jagged appearance

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4
Q

In a developing foetus and at birth, why does the neurocranium develop faster than the viscerocranium?

A

Neurocranium develops faster due to the level of brain development and growth that is required to sustain some early basic reflexes

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5
Q

Why are the orbits so disproportionately large in fetal skulls?

A

The eyes are an extension of the brain and are precociously large at birth, therefore requiring a large orbit

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6
Q

Which Fontanelle is last to close? And when?

A

Anterior fontanelle which closes between 18 months - 2 years old

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7
Q

In a fetal skull, why is there a lack of any substantial aspect to the mastoid part?

A

Due to the limited muscle mass associated with the SCM muscle in the infant

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8
Q

How many bones make up the developing occipital bone?

A

4 bones:

  • 1 squamous
  • 2 lateral
  • 1 basilar
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9
Q

What is the ‘foramen of Huschke’?

A

A developmental defect in the antero-inferior aspect of the bony external auditory meatus

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10
Q

At what typical rate is saliva produced in the oral cavity?

A

1200mL/day

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11
Q

While eating what happens to the quantity of saliva?

A

It increases

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12
Q

While sleeping, what happens to the quantity of saliva?

A

It decreases

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13
Q

what are the five functions of saliva?

A
  1. Prevent dehydration of oral mucosa
  2. Lubrication of mastication and swallowing
  3. Maintaining proper dental hygiene
  4. Assist in digestion of carbohydrates
  5. Act as a solvent for taste and smell
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14
Q

What nervous system supplies salivation?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

‘Sticky’ saliva

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16
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

‘Runny’ saliva

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17
Q

What is the periarterial plexus?

A

A network of sympathetic nerves that travel to salivary glands on the surface of arteries

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18
Q

Via what nerves does the parasympathetic nervous system supply salivary glands?

A

Cranial nerves: CN VII and CN IX

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19
Q

What are stimulatory factors that encourage salivation?

A
  • smell
  • taste
  • nausea
  • conditional reflexes
  • pain (teething)
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20
Q

What are inhibitory factors that discourage salivation?

A
  • fatigue
  • sleep
  • fear
  • dehydration
  • exercise
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21
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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22
Q

Where does the parotid gland drain saliva? And via what structure?

A

Drains near 2nd maxillary molar and via parotid papilla

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23
Q

Where does the submandibular gland drain saliva?

A

Drains to sublingual caruncle

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24
Q

Where does the sublingual gland drain saliva? And via what structure?

A

Drains superior into FOM via sublingual fold

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25
what major salivary gland is the largest?
The parotid gland
26
Which major salivary gland is rich in amylase and produce 25% of daily saliva?
The parotid gland
27
which layer of deep cervical fascia extends up onto the face and encapsulates the parotid gland?
Investing layer
28
What are the contents of the parotid gland/region?
- facial nerve plexus - retro mandibular vein ( superficial temporal vein + maxillary vein) - external carotid artery ( superficial temporal artery + maxillary artery)
29
What is the parotid bed?
Structures upon which the parotid gland lie
30
What are the structures that make up the parotid bed?
- styloid process of temporal bone - sternocleidomastoid - stylohyoid -posterior belly of digastric - masseter muscle - posterior border of mandibular ramus
31
Through what foramen does CN IX exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
32
Where do parasympathetics to parotid gland arise from?
CN IX
33
What branch of CN IX passes through the petrous part of the temporal bone?
Tympanic branch
34
When the tympanic branch of CN IX leaves he temporal bone, what is it referred to as?
The lesser petrosal nerve
35
where does the lesser petrosal nerve synapse?
At the otic ganglion
36
what type of fibres travel via the auriculotemporal nerve of CN V3 to reach the parotid gland?
Post-synaptic parasympathetic fibres
37
What type of cells are found in the submandibular gland?
Mixture of serous and mucous cells
38
What is the superior border of the submandibular triangle?
Inferior border of mandible
39
What is the anetrior border of the submandibular triangle?
Anterior belly of digastric
40
What is the posterior border of the submandibular triangle?
Posterior belly of digastric
41
What is another name for the submandibular duct?
Wharton’s duct
42
Where does the lingual nerve course in relation to the submandibular duct?
Inferiorly
43
where does the submandibular duct drain to?
The sublingual caruncle
44
What shape is the sublingual gland?
Almond shaped
45
where does parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands come from?
CN VII
46
Through what foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull onto the face?
The stylomastoid foramen
47
What branch does CN VII give off, that runs alongside the lingual nerve of CN V3 to synapse at the submandibular ganglion?
Chorda tympani
48
What type of epithelium covers the oral cavity, oropharynx and layrngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
49
What type of epithelium covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium
50
What are the three parts of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract?
1. Epithelium 2. Lamina propria 3. Muscularis mucosa
51
What are the four major layers that compose the digestive tract? (from inside to out)
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa or adventitia
52
What two structures in the body contain mucous glands- usually found in the lamina propria- within the submucosa?
Oesophagus and duodenum
53
What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium
54
What is the key feature of the mucous membrane of the stomach?
Presence of gastric pits
55
What are gastric pits?
Invaginations that open up into the lamina propria from the submucosa into multiple gastric glands
56
What are the four main cells within a gastric gland?
1. Parietal cells 2. Mucous neck cells 3. Chief cells 4. Neuroendocrine
57
What two cells are found predominantly and the lower part of gastric glands?
Chief cell and neuroendocrine cells
58
What is the role of chief cells within the gastric glands?
Secretes the digestive enzyme, pepsinogen.
59
What is the role of parietal cells within gastric glands?
Hydrochloric acid producing cell
60
In which region of the stomach are gastric pits shallow with long, straight gastric glands?
Fundus (body)
61
In which regions of the stomach are gastric pits deep with branched, coiled gastric glands?
Cardia and pylorus
62
Which region of the stomach has the deepest gastric pits, with branched coiled gastric glands?
Pylorus
63
What are the three layers of the Muscularis externa?
1. Inner oblique 2. Middle circular 3. Outer longitudinal
64
which layer of the Muscularis externa aids the churning action of the stomach?
Outer longitudinal
65
What does thickening of the inner circular layer of smooth muscle between the pylorus ad duodenum form?
Pyloric sphincter
66
What small projections are found to line the small intestine?
Villi
67
What “pits” are found between the bases of adjacent villi of the small intestine?
Crypts of lieberkuhn
68
How long is the duodenum?
About 25cm
69
What are the glands contained within the submucosa of the duodenum called?
Brunner’s glands
70
In what part of the small intestine are villi the tallest?
Jejunum
71
What part of the small intestine is characterised by shorter villi and aggregations of lymphoid follicles called Peyer’s patches?
Ileum
72
What is the acidic, partly digested semi fluid material from the stomach that the duodenum receives?
Chyme
73
What is the digestive tracts nervous system called?
The enteric nervous system
74
What interconnected network of fibres controls gut motility?
The myenteric plexus

Dentistry Module 4 (20 decks)

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