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respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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2
Q

On which lung is the oblique fissure found?

A

Both lungs!

Runs at the level of rib 6 anteriorly, and T3 posteriorly.

Same height on both!

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3
Q

On which lung is the horizontal fissure found?

A

Right lung

This follows rib 4.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the lung hila?

A

These are the lung root. A collection of structures which suspend the lung from the mediastinum.

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5
Q

What is contained in each hilum?

A

Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
TWO pulmonary veins
Bronchial vessels
Pulmonary nerve plexus
Lymph vessels

All enter and leave solely via the hilum.

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6
Q

Which lung has a lingula?

A

Left lung

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7
Q

Which lung vessel contain deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery (as carrying blood away from heart).

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8
Q

Which lung vessels contain oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary veins (as carrying blood back to heart).

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9
Q

Where does the right bronchial vein drain to?

A

The azygous vein.

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10
Q

Where does the left bronchial vein drain to?

A

The accessory hemiazygous vein.

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11
Q

What are the two pleura?

A

Visceral (closest to lung)
Parietal (closest to body wall)

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12
Q

At what point are the two pleura continuous with each other?

A

The hilum of each lung.

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13
Q

Does the visceral pleura enter into fissures?

A

Yes, it follows the lobes tightly

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14
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

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15
Q

Which pleura is sensitive to pain, pressure and temperature?

A

Parietal pleura

The visceral pleura is only sensitive to stretch.

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16
Q

Which nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

A

Phrenic nerve
Intercostal nerves

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17
Q

Which arteries supply the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal arteries

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18
Q

How is the visceral pleura innervated?

A

The visceral pleura receives autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus.

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19
Q

What provides the autonomic supply of the visceral pleura?

A

Sympathetic trunk (sympathetic)
Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)

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20
Q

What supplies blood to the visceral pleura?

A

Bronchial arteries

21
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

This is the most inferior part of the pleural cavity (when upright).

The most inferior region laterally is the costophrenic angle - where fluid collects in a pleural effusion.

22
Q

What arises at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage in the neck - at the level of the C6 vertebra?

A

The trachea - it is a continuation of the larynx.

23
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea/bronchi?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - interspersed with goblet cells that produce mucus.

24
Q

What is the ‘mucociliary escalator’?

A

The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus that traps particles and pathogens, moving them upwards to be swallowed and destroyed.

25
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the trachea?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

26
Q

What provides the arterial supply to the trachea?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

27
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

The level of the sternal angle (T3-T5).

It later undergoes further branching to produce secondary bronchi.

28
Q

What does a secondary bronchi supply?

A

A single lobe of a lung.

29
Q

What comes after secondary bronchi?

A

Segmental bronchi - which then become bronchioles.

30
Q

How does cartilage distribution change as you progress down the respiratory tree?

A

Cartilage volume decreases, with bronchioles and alveoli lacking this entirely (means they are collapsible and flimsy).

31
Q

How many ribs articulate posteriorly?

A

All twelve pairs articulate with the vertebra.

32
Q

What ribs are often referred to as ‘true ribs’?

A

Ribs 1-7

These attach independently to the sternum anteriorly.

33
Q

Where do ribs 8-10 attach?

A

These ribs attach to the costal cartilage above them.

34
Q

Do ribs 11 and 12 have an anterior attachment?

A

No, these end in the abdominal musculature.

35
Q

What level is the sternal angle found at?

A

The level of rib 2.

36
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

The jugular notch at the top of the manubrium.

37
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A dome-shaped, muscular structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

38
Q

What is the principle muscle of respiration?

A

The diaphragm

39
Q

Which part of the diaphragm is higher?

A

The right dome is higher due to the liver.

40
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve - feeds from C3, C4, C5 (keep the diaphragm alive).

41
Q

What penetrates the diaphragm at T8?

A

Inferior vena cava
Terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve

42
Q

What penetrates the diaphragm at T10?

A

Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves
Oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery/vein

43
Q

What penetrates the diaphragm at T12?

A

Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein

44
Q

What is the role of the intercostal muscles?

A

Elevate the ribs to expand the chest during breathing - these are the muscles behind quiet inspiration.

45
Q

Where does pectoralis major attach?

A

Between the sternum/ribs and the humerus.

46
Q

What is the role of pectoralis major?

A

Can pull ribs upwards and outwards.

47
Q

What is the job of the serratus anterior?

A

To hold the scapula against the ribcage - if the long thoracic nerve is damaged, this will protrude. Thus, producing a winged appearance.

48
Q

Which muscles form an aponeurosis with the contralateral partner at the linea alba?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus

respiratory (28 decks)

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