Anatomy

Question 1

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 1

3 lobes

Superior
Middle
Inferior

Question 2

On which lung is the oblique fissure found?

Answer 2

Both lungs!

Runs at the level of rib 6 anteriorly, and T3 posteriorly.

Same height on both!

Question 3

On which lung is the horizontal fissure found?

Answer 3

Right lung

This follows rib 4.

Question 4

What is the purpose of the lung hila?

Answer 4

These are the lung root. A collection of structures which suspend the lung from the mediastinum.

Question 5

What is contained in each hilum?

Answer 5

Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
TWO pulmonary veins
Bronchial vessels
Pulmonary nerve plexus
Lymph vessels

All enter and leave solely via the hilum.

Question 6

Which lung has a lingula?

Answer 6

Left lung

Question 7

Which lung vessel contain deoxygenated blood?

Answer 7

Pulmonary artery (as carrying blood away from heart).

Question 8

Which lung vessels contain oxygenated blood?

Answer 8

Pulmonary veins (as carrying blood back to heart).

Question 9

Where does the right bronchial vein drain to?

Answer 9

The azygous vein.

Question 10

Where does the left bronchial vein drain to?

Answer 10

The accessory hemiazygous vein.

Question 11

What are the two pleura?

Answer 11

Visceral (closest to lung)
Parietal (closest to body wall)

Question 12

At what point are the two pleura continuous with each other?

Answer 12

The hilum of each lung.

Question 13

Does the visceral pleura enter into fissures?

Answer 13

Yes, it follows the lobes tightly

Question 14

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 14

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

Question 15

Which pleura is sensitive to pain, pressure and temperature?

Answer 15

Parietal pleura

The visceral pleura is only sensitive to stretch.

Question 16

Which nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

Answer 16

Phrenic nerve
Intercostal nerves

Question 17

Which arteries supply the parietal pleura?

Answer 17

Intercostal arteries

Question 18

How is the visceral pleura innervated?

Answer 18

The visceral pleura receives autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus.

Question 19

What provides the autonomic supply of the visceral pleura?

Answer 19

Sympathetic trunk (sympathetic)
Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)

Question 20

What supplies blood to the visceral pleura?

Answer 20

Bronchial arteries

Question 21

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 21

This is the most inferior part of the pleural cavity (when upright).

The most inferior region laterally is the costophrenic angle - where fluid collects in a pleural effusion.

Question 22

What arises at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage in the neck - at the level of the C6 vertebra?

Answer 22

The trachea - it is a continuation of the larynx.

Question 23

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea/bronchi?

Answer 23

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - interspersed with goblet cells that produce mucus.

Question 24

What is the ‘mucociliary escalator’?

Answer 24

The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus that traps particles and pathogens, moving them upwards to be swallowed and destroyed.

Question 25

What provides sensory innervation to the trachea?

Answer 25

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 26

What provides the arterial supply to the trachea?

Answer 26

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 27

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 27

The level of the sternal angle (T3-T5). It later undergoes further branching to produce secondary bronchi.

Question 28

What does a secondary bronchi supply?

Answer 28

A single lobe of a lung.

Question 29

What comes after secondary bronchi?

Answer 29

Segmental bronchi - which then become bronchioles.

Question 30

How does cartilage distribution change as you progress down the respiratory tree?

Answer 30

Cartilage volume decreases, with bronchioles and alveoli lacking this entirely (means they are collapsible and flimsy).

Question 31

How many ribs articulate posteriorly?

Answer 31

All twelve pairs articulate with the vertebra.

Question 32

What ribs are often referred to as 'true ribs'?

Answer 32

Ribs 1-7 These attach independently to the sternum anteriorly.

Question 33

Where do ribs 8-10 attach?

Answer 33

These ribs attach to the costal cartilage above them.

Question 34

Do ribs 11 and 12 have an anterior attachment?

Answer 34

No, these end in the abdominal musculature.

Question 35

What level is the sternal angle found at?

Answer 35

The level of rib 2.

Question 36

Where can the trachea be palpated?

Answer 36

The jugular notch at the top of the manubrium.

Question 37

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 37

A dome-shaped, muscular structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Question 38

What is the principle muscle of respiration?

Answer 38

The diaphragm

Question 39

Which part of the diaphragm is higher?

Answer 39

The right dome is higher due to the liver.

Question 40

What innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 40

The phrenic nerve - feeds from C3, C4, C5 (keep the diaphragm alive).

Question 41

What penetrates the diaphragm at T8?

Answer 41

Inferior vena cava Terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve

Question 42

What penetrates the diaphragm at T10?

Answer 42

Oesophagus Right and left vagus nerves Oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery/vein

Question 43

What penetrates the diaphragm at T12?

Answer 43

Aorta Thoracic duct Azygous vein

Question 44

What is the role of the intercostal muscles?

Answer 44

Elevate the ribs to expand the chest during breathing - these are the muscles behind quiet inspiration.

Question 45

Where does pectoralis major attach?

Answer 45

Between the sternum/ribs and the humerus.

Question 46

What is the role of pectoralis major?

Answer 46

Can pull ribs upwards and outwards.

Question 47

What is the job of the serratus anterior?

Answer 47

To hold the scapula against the ribcage - if the long thoracic nerve is damaged, this will protrude. Thus, producing a winged appearance.

Question 48

Which muscles form an aponeurosis with the contralateral partner at the linea alba?

Answer 48

External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominus