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FKQ Exam Prep > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common shoulder instability?

A

Anterior position (forward)

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2
Q

In what position is the arm when the shoulder is anteriorly dislocated?

A

Extension, external rotation and abduction

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3
Q

In what position is the arm when the should is posteriorly dislocated?

A

Internal rotation and adduction

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4
Q

What is common treatment for frozen shoulder (Adhesive capsulitis)?

A

Moving the arm within the pain-free ROM

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5
Q

In general, when does injury or failure of a tissue occur?

A

A load that exceeds the failure tolerance of the tissue produces an injury.

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6
Q

What action does the serratus anterior have on the scapula?

A

It protracts and holds the scapula against thoracic wall

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7
Q

Which task will be most limiting for a person with a supraspinatus injury?

A

Abduction

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8
Q

What are the primary ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders?

A

Force, repetition and postures

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9
Q

Occupational health(?) - A worker is required to perform precise work tasks, such as writing or drawing, from a standing
position. Which working height is considered most desirable to perform these tasks?

A

Above-elbow height
Why? Think about neck posture/visual requirements.

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10
Q

Which movement is most likely to become limited following damage to the gracilis muscle?

A

Hip adduction

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11
Q

What is the appropriate order for the three phases of the healing process? Think redness/swelling

A

Inflammation, proliferation, remodelling

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12
Q

What is a mechanism of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprain?

A

Knee hyperextension with rotation
ALSO moving the knee into valgus position with lateral rotation

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13
Q

Which of the following injuries is least likely to occur because of the strong static and dynamic
structures of the knee?

A

Complete dislocation

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14
Q

An electrician has been referred to the kinesiologist for anterior shoulder pain with shoulder
adduction at 90 degrees of flexion. The client shows positive signs for Hawkins-Kennedy test.
What injury does the client show positive signs for?
Hawkins test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mSv7gLXyYg&t=16s&ab_channel=UW-DepartmentofFamilyMedicineandCommunityHealth

A

Shoulder impingement; mechanical compression of the supraspinatus and biceps tendon with the subacromial bursa, resulting in a positive Hawkins-Kennedy test.

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15
Q

A basketball player presents to the kinesiologist after sustaining an injury. The ankle was
forced into inversion while plantar flexed upon landing on an opponent’s foot. Which ligament
is most likely injured?

A

Anterior talofibular; this ligament resists inversion during plantar flexion.

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of injury for a herniated intervertebral disc in the lumbar region of the
spine?

A

Repeated or prolonged flexion of the lumbar spine; can cause the annulus of
the disc to migrate resulting in bulge or herniation.

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17
Q

Which posture is exaggerated by tight hip flexors, tight low back extensors and weak
abdominals?

A

Lumbar lordosis

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18
Q

Which of the following describes a second class lever?

A

Applied force and the resistance force are on the same side of the fulcrum. Resistance force is closer to the fulcrum.

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19
Q

Tendons are:
a) highly solicited
b) highly avascular
c) neither
d) both

A

b) highly avascular

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
All body tissues are derived from the mesoderm.

A

FALSE.

True: All body tissues are derived from the embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme.

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21
Q

What are the three differentiating layers of the embryo?

A

Ectoderm: outer of the body and nervous tissue
Endoderm: lining of the body and digestive track
Mesoderm: everything else including - muscles, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood etc..

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22
Q

What are the three types of fibres found inside the ground substance between the cells of connective tissue?

A

Collagenous (White), Elastic (yellow), Reticular

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23
Q

What are the three components of a lever system?

A) Load, Fulcrum, Energy
B) Lever, Fulcrum, Effort
C) Femur, Load, Effort
D) Load, Effort, Fulcrum

A

D) Load, Effort, Fulcrum

24
Q

When doing a calf raise, what lever is in use?

A) First- class lever
B) Second - class lever
C) Third-class lever

A

B) Second - class lever

25
Q

Which of the following is an example of a first class lever system?

A) Extension at the knee
B) Flexion at the knee
C) Extension at the elbow
D) Flexion at the elbow

A

C) Extension at the elbow

26
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a third class lever system?

A) Extension at the knee
B) Flexion at the knee
C) Flexion at the elbow
D) Plantarflexion at the ankle

A

D) Plantarflexion at the ankle

27
Q

In a lever system, which of the following forms the effort?

A) The joint
B) the point of insertion of the muscle
C) The load of the body

A

B) the point of insertion of the muscle

28
Q

Which type of lever system is most commonly found in the human body?

A) First-Class
B) Second-Class
C) Third-Class

A

C) Third-Class

29
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a first class lever?

A) Slow movement
B) Large range of movement quickly
C) Not much force applied

A

B) Large range of movement quickly

30
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a third class lever?

A) Slow movement
B) Large range of movement quickly
C) Not much force applied

A

B) Large range of movement quickly

31
Q

Which lever can carry a heavy load, slowly?

A

second class lever

32
Q

Does resistance training preferentially increase the size of one muscle fibre type over another?

A

Yes.

While RT increases the size and strength of both fast and slow twitch muscle fibres, fast twitch muscle is preferentially increased when stimulated by strength training

33
Q

Does resistance training increase the number of muscle fibres?

A

No. Just Size and strength of existing fibres

34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron + skeletal muscle fibres innervated by that motor neurons axon terminals

35
Q

What are the components of a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates.

36
Q

In response to stimulation by a motor neuron, do all of the muscle cells in one motor unit contract?

A

Yes. all of the muscle fibres it innervates contract

37
Q

The number of muscle cell per motor unit vary. Select the correct variance.

A) 0-10
B) 4-400
C) 5-10
D) 100-10,000

A

B) 4-400

38
Q

True or False.
Not all motor units of one entire skeletal muscle contract at once.

A

TRUE

39
Q

True or False.

The more motor units that are recruited, the greater the force of contraction of the muscle.

A

TRUE

40
Q

How do motor units help prevent muscle fatigue allowing prolonged contraction of a muscle?

A) Not all motor units need to contract at the same time to cause the whole muscle to contract; they can contract then relax, one at a time.

B) Not all motor units need to contract at the same time to cause the whole muscle to contract; They can alternate between contracting and relaxing

C) Motor units need to contract at the same time to cause the whole muscle to contract; They will contract all at once at a lesser force.

A

B) Not all motor units need to contract at the same time to cause the whole muscle to contract; They can alternate between contracting and relaxing

41
Q

ATP is present in muscle cells but only provides enough energy for how many seconds of contraction?

A

4-6 seconds.

42
Q

Because ATP is the only source of energy, it must be regenerated using energy released from the breakdown of ______________.

A

Creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle cells.

[Creatine phosphate + ADP–> Creatine + ATP]

43
Q

What can be used to produce ATP by aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration from the blood and glycogen stored in the skeletal muscle cells?

A

Glucose.

44
Q

The number of myosin crossbridges is affected by what?

A) The number of muscle fibres stimulated

B) The relative size of the muscle fibres

C) The frequency of stimulation

D) The degree of muscle stretch

E) All of the above

F) None of the above

A

E) All of the above

45
Q

Smooth muscle cells are innervated by nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system, which end in numerous bulbous swellings called what?

A

Varicosities

46
Q

What is autogenic inhibition in terms of PNF stretching?
(Select all that apply)

A) A principle stating that the activation of the GTO inhibits a muscle spindle response

B) The activation of the muscle spindle reflex inhibits a GTO response

C) Neural input from GTOs inhibit muscle activation

D) Inhibition of the agonist muscle and contraction of the antagonist muscle

A

A, C, D

47
Q

What are the three basic types of PNF stretching techniques?

A

Hold-relax, contract-relax, and hold-relax with agonist contraction

48
Q

What type of stretching mimics a movement pattern to be used in an upcoming workout or sporting event?

A

Dynamic stretching

49
Q

What type of stretch incorporates bouncing-type movements?

A

Ballistic stretching

50
Q

Which type of stretch may be associated with increased risk of injury?

A

Ballistic stretching

51
Q

Of the 3 PNF techniques, which technique carries risk of injury?

A

hold-relax with agonist contraction

52
Q

The collagen of a tendon is arranged in wavy bundles called?

A

Fascicles

53
Q

Subfibrils are composed of bundles of ?

A

Collagen filaments

54
Q

The fascicle is composed of _________ which in turn consists of bundles of _________.

A

Fibrils, subfibrils

55
Q

Which reflex does this statement describe?

A reflexive muscle contraction that occurs in response to rapid stretching of the muscle?
(Select all that apply)

A) Autogenic inhibition
B) Stretch reflex
C) GTO reflex
D) Myotatic reflex
E) Muscle spindle reflex

A

B, D, E

The stretch reflex, myotatic reflex and muscle spindle reflex are all the same thing. stretch elicits a reflex contraction caused by a stretching in the muscle spindle.

56
Q

Reciprocal inhibition is:

A

The principle stating that activation of muscle on one side of a joint (agonist) coincides with neural inhibition of the opposing muscle on the other side of the joint (antagonist) to facilitate movement.

i.e. relaxation on one side of a joint to accommodate flexing muscles on the other side (ex: quads flex to relax hamstring)

57
Q
A

FKQ Exam Prep (15 decks)

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