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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is extension

A

This is where you straighten or extend a limb

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2
Q

What is flexsion

A

This is where a limb flexes and decreases an angle

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3
Q

What is abduction

A

This is the sideways movement away from the middle of your body

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4
Q

What is Adduction

A

This is where you move your limbs back to the centre of your body from the side

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5
Q

What is circumduction/roatation

A

This is the circular movement around the joint

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6
Q

What are hinge joints and where are they located

A

They work like a hinge on a door and can bend to allow flexion and extension. Examples are knee and elbow joint

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7
Q

what movement do Ball and socket joints allow

A

They allow the most moveable joints in the body they allow movement to all directions. Example shoulder and hip joints

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8
Q

What are synovial joints

A

They are joints which are freely moveable joint. The bones at these joints are covered by the cartilage called articular cartilage

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9
Q

What are the parts of the knee joints.

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Femur and tibia
  3. Flexion, extension
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10
Q

What type of joint is the elbow

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Ulna,raidius and humerus
  3. Flexion extension
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11
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder

A
  1. Ball and socket
  2. Humerus, scapular
  3. All movement
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12
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint.

A
  1. Femur, pelvis
  2. All movement
  3. Ball and socket
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13
Q

What is cartilage

A

This is a shock absorber when you are moving

And prevents bones rubbing

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14
Q

What do tendons do

A

The attack muscles to bone they are strong and help transmit power

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15
Q

What and where are the leavers in the body

A

There are 3 leavers in the body remember 123 FLE. They are located in the arm, ankle and neck.

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16
Q

What are the three parts of a lever

A

Fulcrum, Load, effort

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17
Q

What is mechanical advantage

A

The function of levers to make a small force amount to much larger force. For this the effort arm need to be shorter than lord are

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18
Q

What type of lever is the neck

A

It’s a class 1 lever
.The Load is the head
.The effort are the neck muscles
. Fulcrum is the neck joint

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19
Q

What type of lever is the ankle

A

This a class 2
. Load is body weight
. Fulcrum ankle joint
. Effort are calf muscles

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20
Q

What type of lever is the elbow

A

This is class three
. Effort is bicep
. Fulcrum elbow joint
. Load is what ever you are holding
This has mechanical advantage

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21
Q

How do you increase mechanical advantage

A

The length of the effort arm can be increased by sporting implements such as rackets bags and oars

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22
Q

What is mechanical disadvantage

A

Where the resistance arm is longer than the effort

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23
Q

Why are there planes

A

There are planes because not all movement in the body is up and down most of the time it is in different directions especially in sport

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24
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that goes down the middle of the chest. TWEEN TITTES
Movement that occurs here is flexion and extension

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25
What is the frontal plane
This is a vertical plane that splits from bum and face movement here is adduction and abduction
26
What is the transverse plane
This splits the top and bottom of the body and movement that occurs here is rotational
27
What are the point of axis
All movement occurs around axis
28
Longitudinal axis
The longitudinal axis runs through the body from head to feet a sporting example is a pirouette
29
What is a transverse axis
The transverse axis runs through the body from left to wright for example a somersault
30
What is the frontal axis
The frontal axis runs through your tummy a kart wheel is a sporting example
31
What are antagonists pairs
As muscles can only pull muscles work together to allow movement these pairs of muscles are called antagonists pairs
32
What are the two antagonist pairs in the body
Bicep, Tricep Hamstring, quadricep Only flexion and extension occur here
33
What is the function of the respiratory system
To get oxygen to muscles and cells and to remove waste product from the body
34
What are the percentages of air inhaled
20 per cent oxygen 79 per cent nitrogen 0.5 carbon dioxide 0.04 other
35
What percentage of oxygen is blown out
4 per cent
36
How is air filtered
Via mucus and nasal hairs
37
What happens to air before entering the body
The air is warmed so it is closer to the body temperature
38
What is the pathway of air
Nasal passage Pharynx and larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Then to the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs
39
What are the alveoli responsible for
These are responsible for gaseous exchange
40
How does gaseous exchange occur
.Air moves in and out alveoli .It goes through alveoli walls and into capillaries . From here goes through the windpipe and out your nasal passage .blood is carried away to body cells . The co2 passes through the capillary walls . Blood carries waste to alveoli . Blood transported
41
How does the diaphragm work
When you inhale the diaphragm contracts and flattens and Chris cavity enlarges this creates a vacuum which pulls air into lungs
42
What two muscles aid respiration
Intercostal Diaphragm
43
What is tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath. This increases during exercise
44
What is breathing rate
Number of breaths per minute. Typically 12-20
45
What is minute ventilation
The amount of air a person breaths out in a minute
46
What is vital capacity
Amount you can breath in vs amount you can breath out
47
What is aerobic respiration
This is respiration with oxygen. Glucose+ oxygen——> energy+ co2+ water
48
What is Anaerobic respiration
This is respiration with out oxygen glucose —-> energy+ lactic acid
49
What are the two parts of the double circulatory system
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation
50
What is pulmonary circulation
This is blood flow between between the heart and the lungs. The pulmonary artery take the blood to the lungs where it’s oxygenated
51
What is systemic circulation
This is blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body excluding lungs and then back to the heart
52
What are arteries and their properties
They are blood vessels They carry oxygenated blood Away from heart High pressure And have thick muscles
53
What are veins and their properties
They carry de-oxygenated blood Back to the heart Under low pressure They have valves to prevent back flow
54
What are capillaries and their properties
Small blood vessels That link veins and arteries Diffusion take place here Under no pressure One cell thick
55
what is vascular shunt
a process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas this is achieved by vasoconstriction and vasodilation
56
what is vaso construction
this is the narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
57
what is vasodilation
this is the widening of blood vessels
58
what do red blood cells contain
they contain haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to create oxyhaemoglobin which carries oxygen to the working muscles
59
what are the two stages of each heart beat
diastole ( relaxing and filling up) systole( contracting and emptying the heart)
60
what is heart rate
the number of times your heart beats per minute
61
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
62
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
63
what is the equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
64
what is the equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen ---->carbon dioxide+ water GOWEC
65
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose----> energy + lactic acid GEL
66
what is anticipatory rise
this is where your heart rate increases due to an increase in adrenaline
67
what are the short term effects on the respiratory system
heart rate increases stroke volume increases cardiac output increases redistribution of blood flow breathing rate increases tidal volume increases minute ventilation increases muscle temp increases lactic acid production increases
68
what three short term affects of exercisewhen there is a increasesed oxygen supply to your working muscles
heart rate stroke volume cardiac output
69
which short term affect of exercise maximises oxygen supply
redistribution of blood flow
70
what are the short term effects of excersise on the respitory system
breathing rate tidal volume minute ventilation
71
which short term effect makes muscles more flexible
increase body temperature alows you to be much more flexible
72
what short term affect of exercise causes muscles to fatigue
lactic acid production increases if no lactic acid is produced it allows you to play at your best throughout a match
73
what are the long term effects on the muscular system
increased muscle hypertrophy (weight lifter) increase strength of muscles (100m meter runner) increased muscular endurance (marathon runner) increased resistance to fatigue
74
what are the long term effects on the cardiovascular system
cardiac hypertrophy increase stroke volume decreased hart rate increased maximum cardiac output increased recovery rate increased capillarisation (more capillaries)
75
what are the long term effect of exercise on the respiratory system
increased strength of respiratory muscles increased tidal volume increased minute ventilation increased aerobic capacity
76
what are the long term effects of exercise o the skeletal system
increased bone density ( due to increased calcium deposits)
77
what is the pathway of blood in the body
vena cava right atrium tricuspid valves right ventricle semilunar valves pulmonary artery pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid valves left ventricle aorta body
78
what are the bones in the body
cranium=skull clavicle= collarbone scapular=shoulder blade humorous= first arm bone ribs ulna and radius= forearm bones sternum= central chest bone vertebrae= back bones pelvis = hips carpals= main hand bones metacarpals= like knuckles phalanges= fingers femur= upper leg bone patella= knee cap tibia and fibula= lower leg tarsals = main foot bone metatarsal = toe joints toes= phalanges
79
what are all the muscles in the body
deltoids = shoulders pectoralis =chest biceps triceps abdominals qaudricpes trapezius= beck to neck muscles latissimus dorsi = lats glutes = bum hamstrings gastrocnemius = calves

P.E (3 decks)

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