ANATOMY Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
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Neck: Anterior
A
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE:
- Submental
- Digastric (submandibular)
- Carotid
- Muscular
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Neck: Posterior
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Muscles in posterior neck
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External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular vein
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E: drains the face and scalp
I: drains face, neck and brain
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What supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
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spinal accesory nerve
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Penises make boys pee
Prostatic, membranous, bulbar, pendulous
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Esophageal hiatus
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- T10
- It conveys the esophagus, vagus nerve, and some small esophageal arteries.
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Aortic hiatus
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- T12
- aorta and thoracic duct pass through
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Male perineum
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2 erectile tissues:
- Corpus cavernosum (2 lengths running)
- Corpus spongiosum ( 1 length running)
2 muscles:
- Bulbosponginosum muscle
- ishchiocavernosus muscle
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-Yellow tear-drop shaped structure = pubic symphysis
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femur
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Top of tibia
The transverse ligament of the knee is a round, horizontal ligament on the anterior face of the tibia that connects the lateral meniscus to the medial meniscus.
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The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a strong ligament that anteromedially connects the posterior tibia to the medial femoral condyle.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a dense band of connective tissue that connects the posterior femur to the anterior tibia.
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is a short, thin ligament on the lateral side of the knee joint.
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a long, thin ligament that connects the medial femoral epicondyle to the anteromedial tibia near the pes anserinus.
The transverse ligament of the knee is a round, horizontal ligament on the anterior face of the tibia that connects the lateral meniscus to the medial meniscus.
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Pelvis
- Ilium
- Ischium
-pubis
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The obturator foramen is a large, obliquely oriented opening between the ischium and pubic bones that sits inferior to the acetabulum.
- Pubic tubercule
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Superior pubic ramus
Ischial spine
Spines stick out
Turbercuels are bumps
crest is smooth
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Femur enters into the acetabulum
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The ischial spine is a small, pointed eminence on the posterior aspect of the ischium.
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The iliofemoral ligament is a thick, triangular ligament that anteriorly covers the hip joint. Also known as the Y-ligament, this structure connects the ilium to the intertrochanteric line of the femur and prevents hyperextension of the hip.
The pubofemoral ligament is a triangular ligament anteroinferior to the hip joint. Connecting the pubic bone to the femur, this structure is critical in preventing excessive extension and abduction of the hip joint.
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Soleus reflected back
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorium Longus
Flexor hallucis longus
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The gastrocnemius is the most superficial of all the muscles in the posterior leg. It has medial and lateral heads and forms the characteristic “calf” shape of the leg.
The soleus is a flat muscle located underneath the gastrocnemius. It gets its name from its resemblance to a sole – a flat fish.
The plantaris is a small muscle which is absent in approximately 10% of the population.
There are three muscles within the superficial compartment of the posterior leg. They all insert onto the calcaneus (heel bone) of the foot, via the calcaneal tendon.
To minimise friction during movement, there are two bursae (fluid filled sacs) associated with the calcaneal tendon:
Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa – lies between the skin and the calcaneal tendon.
Deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon – lies between the tendon and the calcaneus.
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There are four muscles in the deep compartment of the posterior leg
The popliteus is located behind the knee joint, forming the base of the popliteal fossa.
There is a bursa (sac-like structure containing a small amount of synovial fluid) that lies between the popliteal tendon and the posterior surface of the knee joint – it is called the popliteus bursa.
The flexor digitorum longus is a thin muscle and is located medially within the posterior leg.
The flexor hallucis longus muscle is located laterally within the posterior compartment (this is slightly counter-intuitive, as it is the opposite side to the great toe).
The tibialis posterior is the deepest out of the four muscles. It lies between the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus.
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-Tibia has a lateral condyle and medial condyle but does not have an epicondyle.
- The medial and lateral epicondyles are found on the humerus, not the tibia.
- The tibial tuberosity is a palpable prominence on the anterior face of the tibia. It receives insertions of the quadriceps and the patellar tendon
- The soleal line is a short, oblique line on the posterior aspect of the tibia. It extends medially from the posterior shaft and serves as a landmark for the attachment of the soleus muscle
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Fibula
The head of the fibula is a rounded protrusion at the most proximal end of the bone. This structure articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
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Superior extensor retinaculum
Extensor Hallucis longus tendon
The superior extensor retinaculum is a single band of shiny fascia, just superior to the ankle joint.
Follow the tendon of this muscle to the big toe, or hallux. Extensor hallucis longus hides its muscle body between tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. Gently separate these two muscles in lab to see it better.
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Anterior Compartment of leg
The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are a group of four muscles that act to dorsiflex and invert the foot.
These muscles are collectively innervated by the deep fibular nerve (L4-S1). The arterial supply is through the anterior tibial artery.
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Extensor Hallucis longus
- Fibularis Tertius
The extensor hallucis longus is positioned deep to tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. Its tendon emerges from between the two muscles to insert onto the big toe.
Tibialis anterior is the most medial muscle of the anterior compartment in the leg. Its insertion on the medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal allow it to dorsiflex and invert the foot.
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Fibularis Tertium
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus
- They are the most lateral aspect muscles
- Anterior muscles - dorsiflexion
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Tendons of foot
- Tibialis posterior (front)
- Flexor digitorium longus (middle)
- Flexor hallucis longus (back)
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Posterior Tibial artery
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Arteries of the lower leg
- Anterior Tibial Artery
- Posterior Tibial Artery
- Fibular artery
- All of these arteries branch of the popliteal artery
- The anterior tibial artery starts at the back of the leg and goes through the intrasseous space to get to the front of the leg. Here the anterior tibial artery supplies the anterior lower leg (only) and some parts of the knee.
- Posterior tibial artery supplies the lateral part of the leg and the knee.
- Fibular artery supplies the posterior and lateral parts of the leg.
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Veins of the lower leg
- Great Saphenous vein
- Small Sapheneous vein
- veins run on either side of the leg
- These veins join at the foot at a point called the dorsal venous arch
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Tibialis posterior tendon
Tibial nerve
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Flexor Digitorium Longus
Flexor hallucis longus
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Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Extensor Hallucis Brevis is a deep muscle that goes towards the hallux (toe)
- There is a extensor digitorium brevis but i think it is too deep for this picture.
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Extensor digitorium longus
- Tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve runs down the posterior leg
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Deep fibular nerve is a branch of the common fibular nerve and runs down the anterior compartment of the leg
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Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
-The muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are a group of muscles that (mostly) act to extend the lower limb at the knee joint.
- They are collectively innervated by the femoral nerve (L2-L4), and recieve arterial supply from the femoral artery.
- psoas major
- illiacus
- rectus femoris
- vastus medialis
- vastus lateralis
- sartorius
- pectineus
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Extension
- Extension when leg is straight
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Iliopsoas
- The iliopsoas is comprised of two separate muscles; the psoas major and iliacus.
- These muscles arise in the pelvis and pass under the inguinal ligament into the anterior compartment of the thigh – where they form a common tendon.
- Unlike many of the anterior thigh muscles, the iliopsoas does not perform extension of the leg at the knee joint.
- Attachments: The psoas major originates from the lumbar vertebrae, and the iliacus originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis. They insert together onto the lesser trochanter of the femur.
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Quadriceps Femoris
- The quadriceps femoris consists of four individual muscles – the three vastus muscles and the rectus femoris.
- Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus Medialis, rectus femoris
- The four muscles collectively insert onto the patella via the quadriceps tendon. The patella, in turn, is attached to the tibial tuberosity by the patella ligament.
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SARTORIUS
- The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body. It is long and thin, running across the thigh in a inferomedial direction.
- Attachments: Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine, and attaches to the superior, medial surface of the tibia.
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Pectineus muscle
Attachments: Originates from the pectineal line of the pubis bone. It inserts onto the pectineal line on the posterior aspect of the femur, immediately inferior to the lesser trochanter.
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Muscles in the medial compartment of the leg
- Muscles in the Medial compartment of the leg are collectively known as the hip adductors
- There are five muscles in this group:
-gracilis
-obturator externus
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor magnus.
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Gracillis Muscle
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Muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh
- aka Hamstrings
Include:
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- These muscles act to flex at the knee and extend at the hip
- They are innervated by the sciatic nerve (L4-S3).
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Superficial gluteal muscles
The superficial muscles in the gluteal region consist of the three glutei and the tensor fascia lata. They mainly act to abduct and extend the lower limb at the hip joint.
Gluteal muscles:
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
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Action of gluteus maximus
It is the main extensor of the thigh, and assists with lateral rotation. However, it is only used when force is required, such as running or climbing.
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Action of gluteus minimus and medius
Abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb. It stabilises the pelvis during locomotion, preventing ‘dropping’ of the pelvis on the contralateral side.
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Deep gluteus muscles
- Piriformis
- Gemelli - superior and inferior
- Obturator internus
- Quadratus femoris
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Acetabular labrum
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Ligamentum teres
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Sciatic nerve
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Obturator internus is 'in'between the gemelli
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Piriformis muscle
- pyramid shaped and located between the gluteus medius and the superior gemellus
- easiest way to identify piriformis is to know the sciatic nerve emerges from below it
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- Popliteal artery right behind the knee
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Work out if its the left or right leg
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Ischial tuberosity
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Pectoral region muscles
The pectoral region is located on the anterior chest wall. It contains four muscles that exert a force on the upper limb:
- the pectoralis major ( sternal head and a clavicular head)
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
- subclavius
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Subclavius muscle
- small muscle which is located directly underneath the clavicle.
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Muscles of the shoulder
The muscles of the shoulder can be divided into 2 groups:
- Extrinsic: originate from the torso and attach to the bones of the shoulder (clavicle, scapula, humerous)
- Intrinsic: originate from the scapula and/or clavicle, and attach to the humerus
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Extrinsic muscles of the shoulder
The extrinsic muscles of the shoulder originate from the trunk, and attach to the bones of the shoulder – the clavicle, scapula, or humerus.
They are located in the back, and are also known as the superficial back muscles.
Superficial extrinsic muscles shoulder:
- Trapezius
- Latissimus Dorsi
Deep extrinsic muscles of the shoulder:
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboid minor and major
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Intrinsic muscles of the shoulder
The intrinsic muscles (also known as the scapulohumeral group) originate from the scapula and/or clavicle, and attach to the humerus.
There are six muscles in this group –
- the deltoid
-teres major
the four rotator cuff muscles:
-supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
-teres minor
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Intrinsic muscles of the shoulder
Intrinsic muscles of the shoulder:
There are six muscles in this group
- the deltoid
-teres major
-and the four rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor).
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DELTOID
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Muscles of the upper arm:
The upper arm is located between the shoulder joint and elbow joint.
It contains four muscles – three in the anterior compartment (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis)
- and one in the posterior compartment (triceps brachii).
- The posterior compartment of the upper arm contains the triceps brachii muscle, which has three heads:
- long head
- lateral head
- medial head
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Muscles of the anterior forearm
Superficial:
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi radialis
- pronator teres (TOP)
Intermediate:
-flexor digitorum superficialis.
Deep:
-flexor pollicis longus
-flexor digitorum profundus
- pronator quadratus.
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Flexor digitorium
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Muscles of the posterior forearm: Superficial
The muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm are commonly known as the extensor muscles.
The muscles in this compartment are organised into two layers; deep and superficial. These two layers are separated by a layer of fascia.
The superficial layer of the posterior forearm contains seven muscles. Four of these muscles (extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi) share a common tendinous origin at the lateral epicondyle.
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Deep Muscles of the Posterior arm
There are five muscles in the deep compartment of the posterior forearm:
– the supinator
- abductor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis
- extensor pollicis longus
- extensor indicis.
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Humerus
- Head of the humerus
- Greater tubercule
- Lesser tubercule
- Intertubercular sulcus
- Deltoid tuberosity (insertion point for deltoid muscle)
- on side of trochlea we have the medial supracondylar line
- on side of capitulum we have lateral supracondylar line
(too much crap lies)
- Trochlea is the bony more trapezium shaped bone compared to capitulum
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Humerus from the back
- Olecrannon fossa
- Lateral epicondyle
- Medial epicondyle
- Trochlea
Second pic:
- ANATOMICAL NECK
- SURGICAL NECK
' head contains meninges' head of humerous and medial supracondylar ridge on same side
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GLENOHUMERERAL JOINT
AKA the arm joint
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Veins of the arms
- There are superficial and deep veins of the arms
Superficial veins:
- Cephalic vein (lateral aspect of arm)
- Basilic vein ( medial aspect of arm)
Deep veins:
- RADIAL vein
- ULNA vein
- Both drain into BRACHIAL vein
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MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
Joins the Cephalic and Basilic vein
- Cephalic vein goes all the way to the bottom of the arm
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Brachial Plexus
- Group of nerves that control the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand
- Roots are C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
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Ulnar nerve
- Formed from C8 and T1 nerve roots
- Begins in axilla crosses over the teres major, pierces muscle to cross down posterior arm
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Radial nerve
- Formed from the C5,C6, C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots
- Innervates posterior compartment of arm and forearm
- The nerve gives function to the triceps muscles on the back of the arm to straighten the elbow.
- upper radial nerve wraps around the back side of the humerus
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Musculocutaneous Nerve
- Originates from the C5, C6, C7 spinal roots
- pierces coracobrachialis muscle
- Supplies: muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and the brachialis)
- Eventually becomes the Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the forearm
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Lateral Cutaneous nerve of the forearm
- Lateral Cutaneous nerve of the forearm supplies the skin of the lateral forearm
-
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Median nerve
- Originates from C6, C7, C8 and T1 spinal roots
- Journey: the median nerve descends down the arm, initially lateral to the brachial artery. Halfway down the arm, the nerve crosses over the brachial artery, and becomes situated medially. The median nerve enters the anterior compartment of the forearm via the cubital fossa.
- Functions: Innervates the flexor and pronator muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm (except the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus, innervated by the ulnar nerve).
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Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
- Originate from C8, T1 spinal roots
-
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Deltoid
Below: Latissimus Dorsi
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Trapezius Muscle
Has 3 parts (STA):
- Superior
- Transverse
- Ascending
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Muscles of the back
The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and intrinsic:
Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder.
Intermediate – associated with movements of the thoracic cage.
Deep – associated with movements of the vertebral column.
First pic superficial muscles of the back:
- Trapezius
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Levator Scapulae
- Rhomboid minor and major
2nd pic intermediate muscles of the back:
- serratus posterior superior
- serratus posterior inferior
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DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK
The deep muscles of the back are split into 3:
Superficial:
- Splenius Capitis
- Splenius Cervicis
Intermediate:
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
Together these muscles form a column, known as the erector spinae.
Deep:
- the semispinalis
- multifidus
- rotatores
and are known collectively as the transversospinales
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Splenius Cervicis
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Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Serratus Posterior Inferior can often seem more fibrous than muscular.
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External Oblique
Part of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
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Semispinalis Cervicis
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FDS tendon and FDP tendon
FDP - bends fingertip joint (underneath FDS tendon)
FDS - bends the middle finger joint (top tendon)
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Pectineus Muscle
- Muscle of anterior leg
- Actions: hip flexion and hip adduction
- Innervated: femoral nerve
- Origin: Superior pubic ramus (pectineal line of pubis)
-Insertion: Pectineal line of femur, linea aspera of femur
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Pes anserinus
The pes anserine describes a region where tendinous structures of the semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius (SGT) muscles join to insert at the medial knee
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Gracillis
- Most medial muscle.
- It originates on the ischiopubic ramus and inserts on the pes anserinus.
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ABDUCTOR MAGNUS
pectineus and gracillis
- most superficial of 3 adductor muscles
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RECTUS FEMORIS
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VASTUS LATERALIS
- how you can distinguish from rectus femoris is the muscle fibers change direction
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QUADRICEPS TENDON
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PATELLAR TENDON
The quadriceps tendon attaches to the patella, then becomes the patellar tendon inferiorly. This allows the ‘quads’ to be anchored to the tibia for knee extension.
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ILIOPSOAS
- Always lateral
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FEMORAL ARTERY AND VEIN
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MUSCULAR BRANCH OF FEMORAL NERVE
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FEMORAL VEIN
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TENSOR FASCIA LATA
VASTUS LATERALIS
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ILIOTIBIAL TRACT
This band of shiny fascia is inferiorly connected to the tensor fasciae latae. The iliotibial tract (AKA the IT band) helps stabilize the lateral thigh and knee.
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GREAT SAPHHENOUS VEIN
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ABDUCTOR BREVIS
- Adductor brevis in the crevice
- Much smaller than the other two adductor muscles
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ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
- Most posterior of the adductor muscles
Obturator Nerve: After passing through the obturator foramen, the obturator nerve ‘sandwiches’ the adductor brevis with its anterior and posterior branches. Watch for this nerve to emerge medial to pectineus. It is visible here because adductor longus has been reflected.
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FEMORAL ARTERY, NERVE AND VEIN
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OBTURATOR NERVE
After passing through the obturator foramen, the obturator nerve emerges medial to pectineus and ‘sandwiches’ the adductor brevis with its anterior and posterior branches. This nerve innervates all the adductors here in the medial thigh.
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GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN
- The great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein
- The great saphenous vein is a long, superficial vessel that runs from the inner ankle up the medial side of the leg and thigh. It drains into the femoral vein inside of the femoral triangle.
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GREAT SAPHHENOUS VEIN
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ILIOTIBIAL TRACT
This is a lateral view of the left lower limb. This band of shiny fascia is inferiorly connected to the tensor fasciae latae. The iliotibial tract (AKA the IT band) helps stabilize the lateral thigh and knee.
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TENSOR FASCIA LATA
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FEMORAL ARTERY
- Femoral artery is lateral to the femoral vein
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Femoral Sheath
Borders:
- inguinal canal
- Adducters
- Sartorius
Includes:
- femoral nerve
- femoral artery
- femoral vein
NAVeL
(Outside) NERVE, ARTERY, VEIN
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ADDUCTOR LONGUS
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POPLITEAL ARTERY AND VEIN
Posterior Knee
- Femoral artery and femoral vein become the popliteal artery and popliteal vein when they pass trough the adductor hiatus
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Popliteus
- Deep muscle in the back of the knee
- Popliteus is the deepest muscle of the posterior leg/popliteal region. It originates on the lateral epicondyle of the femur - hence its tendon’s close proximity to the lateral collateral ligament.
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RECTUS FEMORIS and VASTUS MEDIALIS
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ILIOPSOAUS
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Questionnn
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Superior gluteal artery
Superior gluteal artery emerges superior to piriformis. As such, it is considered a suprapiriform structure which passes through the greater sciatic foramen. This artery supplies all 3 ‘glutes’ and tensor fasciae latae.
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BICEPS FEMORIS
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What does the sciatic nerve split into
- Sciatic nerve is going to split into the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve
- Tibial nerve is medial and the common fibular nerve is lateral
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Long head of the biceps femoris
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Ischial tuberosity
Insertion point for hamstring muscles
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POPLITEUS MUSCLE
- popliteal muscle starts at lateral meniscus
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Tibial nerve
Sciatic nerve runs down the posterior thigh and splits into tibial and common fibular nerves. Tibial nerve (cut) goes straight down, while common fibular nerve travels laterally at more of an angle. Note tibial nerve’s close association with the popliteal artery in this region.
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Where does the gluteus maximus insert and what does it do ?
The is the gluteus maximus muscle. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity.
- It extends at the hip joint and also laterally rotates the hip (external rotation)
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Humerus
1st anterior - trochlea and capitulum
2nd posterior - olecranon fossa
There is no trochanters on the humerus just turbercules
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Metacarpal bones
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Carpometacarpal joint
- The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a saddle joint
- The carpometacarpal joint of the fingers are sliding joints
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Metacarpophalangeal joints
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Radial Collateral Ligament
This is the radial collateral ligament of the wrist, a longitudinal, fanning ligament that connects the styloid process of the radius with the scaphoid bone. This ligament assists in the stabilization of the wrist joint.
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Carpal Articular Surface
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Ulnar Collateral Ligament
This is the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist, a longitudinal ligament that connects the styloid process of the ulna with the triquetrum bone. It is a component of the triangular fibrocartilage complex and assists in wrist stabilization.
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Palmar Brevis
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CALCANEAL TUBEROSITY
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Trochlea
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CUBOID
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SAGITAL , CORONAL, TRANVERSE
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TRANVERSE ARCH
The transverse arch appears in the coronal plane and covers all five metatarsals, the cuboid bone, and the cuneiform bones.
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TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE FOOT
- Long plantar ligament
- Short plantar ligament
- Tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle
- Tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle
- Tendon of the fibularis longus muscle
Weird ones are all connected to navicular:
- plantar cuneonavicular ligament
- plantar cuboideonavicular ligament
- plantar calcaneonavicualr ligament
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Short plantar ligament (calcaneocuboid ligament)
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Long plantar ligament
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Plantar calcaneonavicular
The plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament is a band of connective tissue that connects the calcaneus with the navicular bone on the ventral surface of the foot. Also known as the spring ligament, this structure contributes to medial longitudinal arch support.
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Plantar aponeurosis
Nothing has been removed yet. This thick shiny fascia is the plantar aponeurosis.
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Medial plantar nerve
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ABDCUTOR HALLUCIS
Nothing has been removed yet. Abductor hallucis is the most medial muscle of the 1st layer of the foot.
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ABDUCTOR DIGIT MINIMI
Nothing has been removed yet. Abductor digiti minimi is the most lateral muscle of the 1st layer of the foot
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FIBULARIS TERTIAS MUSCLE
Also known as peroneus tertius, the fibularis tertius is an anterolateral muscle of the leg.
It sits anterior to the lateral compartment muscles, the fibularis longus, and the fibularis brevis.
Be careful not to confuse this with the extensor digitorum longus muscle; its tendon appears lateral to those of the extensor digitorum longus on its way to the base of the fifth metatarsal, often being called the "fifth tendon" of the extensor digitorum longus.
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DORSAL VENOUS ARCH
The dorsal venous arch (reflected) has this distinct arc-shape. It lies superficially on the dorsum of the foot and connects the small and great saphenous veins.
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EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
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EXTENSOR DIGITORIUM BREVIS
Follow the tendons of this small muscle to digits 2-5. Extensor digitorum brevis is found on the dorsum of the foot, deep to the extrinsic tendons of extensor digitorum longus
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DEEP FIBULAR NERVE
Deep fibular nerve runs parallel to dorsalis pedis. It is easy to identify when you can see it run to the ‘web’ between the hallux and 2nd toe.
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TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
have to be careful not to get tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus mixed
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DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY
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FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS TENDON
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FLEXOR DIGITORIUM BREVIS
Only the plantar aponeurosis has been removed so far. Flexor digitorum brevis is in the center of the 1st layer of the foot.
192
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS TRANVERSE HEAD
Layers 1 and 2 have been reflected, revealing the 3rd layer here. The transverse head of adductor hallucis is the only muscle of the foot that heads in this direction.
193
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS OBLIQUE HEAD
194
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
Flexor hallucis brevis is a big muscle that has a medial and lateral leg
195
FLEXOR DIGIOTRIUM LONGUS
196
QUADRATUS PLANTAE
197
ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
198
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS MEDIAL HEAD
199
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
200
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS (OBLIQUE HEAD )
201
FIBULARIS LONGUS
- starts laterally and inserts into medial cuneiform and 1st metatarasal
202
FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS tendon
203
INTERÓSSEI
204
DEEP FIBULAR NERVE
205
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
-Tibialis anterior muscle is more medial
- Extensor hallucis longus more lateral
206
