Block 11 Week 2 Flashcards
Drugs and action during labour management ?
Non-Pharmacological Methods:
Breathing Techniques: Focused and rhythmic breathing can help manage pain and promote relaxation.
Position Changes: Changing positions, such as walking, rocking, or swaying, can help relieve discomfort and may facilitate labor progress.
Massage and Counterpressure: Gentle massage or counterpressure on the lower back can provide relief.
Hydrotherapy: Immersing in a warm bath or using a shower can be soothing.
Pharmacological Methods:
Systemic Analgesics: These medications are administered intravenously and provide temporary relief from pain. Common options include opioids like fentanyl and meperidine.
Epidural Block: An epidural is a regional anesthesia that provides pain relief by numbing the lower half of the body. It’s administered through a catheter placed into the epidural space in the spine.
Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas):
Nitrous oxide is a gas that is inhaled through a mask. It is self-administered by the laboring woman and can provide mild to moderate pain relief.
Intramuscular Injections:
Some medications, such as intramuscular injections of opioids, may be used to provide pain relief.
Combined Spinal-Epidural (CSE):
This technique involves a spinal injection for rapid pain relief and an epidural catheter for longer-lasting pain management
Teen pregnancy and adverse outcomes
Teen pregnancy can be associated with various adverse outcomes for both the mother and the child. It’s important to note that individual experiences can vary, and not all teen pregnancies lead to negative consequences. However, there are increased risks associated with adolescent pregnancy. Here are some potential adverse outcomes:
Maternal Health Risks:
Increased Risk of Preterm Birth: Teenagers are at a higher risk of delivering prematurely, which can be associated with health complications for the baby.
Low Birth Weight: Babies born to teenage mothers are more likely to have low birth weight, which can lead to health issues for the infant.
Anemia: Teenagers may be at an increased risk of anemia during pregnancy, which can have implications for both the mother and the baby.
Preeclampsia: Teenagers may be at a higher risk of developing preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage.
Social and Economic Factors:
Educational Challenges: Teen mothers often face difficulties in continuing their education, which can impact their future career prospects and economic independence.
Limited Financial Resources: Teenagers may lack the financial resources needed to support themselves and their child, potentially leading to increased stress and challenges in providing adequate care.
Psychological Impact:
Increased Stress and Mental Health Issues: Teen mothers may face heightened stress, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.
Social Stigma: Teenage pregnancy can be associated with social stigma, which can impact the mental well-being of both the mother and the child.
Child Health Risks:
Higher Infant Mortality Rates: Babies born to teenage mothers may face a higher risk of mortality in the first year of life.
Developmental Delays: There may be an increased risk of developmental delays in children born to teenage mothers.
Lack of Prenatal Care:
Teenagers may be less likely to seek timely and adequate prenatal care, which is crucial for monitoring the health of both the mother and the baby.
Risk associated with small predate foetus
A small preterm fetus, also known as small for gestational age (SGA), is one that has not reached the expected size for its gestational age. This condition can be associated with various risks and complications for both the fetus and the mother. It’s important to note that the causes of fetal growth restriction can vary, and the management depends on the specific underlying factors. Here are some potential risks associated with a small preterm fetus:
Increased Perinatal Mortality:
Small preterm infants may face an increased risk of mortality, particularly in the neonatal period. The risk is higher if the growth restriction is severe.
Neonatal Morbidity:
SGA infants may experience a range of health issues, including respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and difficulties in maintaining normal body temperature.
Developmental Delays:
Small preterm infants may be at a higher risk of developmental delays and long-term neurodevelopmental issues.
Low Birth Weight:
Small preterm fetuses are likely to have a low birth weight, which is associated with an increased risk of health complications and developmental challenges.
Increased Risk of Hypoxia:
Intrauterine growth restriction can lead to inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus, increasing the risk of hypoxia (oxygen deprivation).
Placental Insufficiency:
Growth restriction may be due to issues with the placenta, such as placental insufficiency, which can compromise the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
Risk of Preterm Birth:
Small preterm fetuses may be at an increased risk of preterm birth, which itself is associated with a range of complications.
Maternal Health Risks:
In cases of severe fetal growth restriction, there may be an increased risk of complications for the mother, including preeclampsia and placental abruption.
Social and cultural medical attitude’s in pregnancy
Cultural Perspectives on Pregnancy:
Ceremonial Practices: Many cultures have specific rituals and ceremonies associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum periods.
Cultural Beliefs: Cultural beliefs about pregnancy, such as ideas about diet, lifestyle, and acceptable behaviors during pregnancy, can influence maternal practices.
Social Support and Community Involvement:
Family Support: In some cultures, family support is integral to the well-being of pregnant individuals, providing emotional, practical, and financial support.
Community Involvement: Some societies emphasize the importance of community involvement and support networks for pregnant women.
Medical Attitudes and Prenatal Care:
Access to Prenatal Care: Societal factors, including healthcare infrastructure and access to prenatal care, can impact the health outcomes of both the mother and the baby.
Healthcare Provider-Patient Relationships: Cultural differences may affect the dynamics of the relationship between healthcare providers and pregnant individuals, influencing communication and decision-making.
Traditional and Alternative Medicine:
Integration of Traditional Practices: Some cultures incorporate traditional or alternative medicine alongside modern medical practices during pregnancy.
Herbal Remedies: The use of herbal remedies and traditional practices during pregnancy may vary based on cultural beliefs.
Attitudes Toward Pregnancy Outcomes:
Stigma and Social Perceptions: Societal attitudes toward unmarried pregnancies, teenage pregnancies, or pregnancies outside cultural norms can impact the well-being of pregnant individuals.
Abortion and Reproductive Rights: Cultural and religious attitudes toward abortion and reproductive rights can influence decision-making during pregnancy.
Gender Roles and Expectations:
Role of Women: Societal expectations regarding the roles of women during pregnancy and postpartum can vary, affecting maternal mental health and well-being.
Cultural Perspectives on Nutrition and Diet:
Dietary Practices: Cultural norms and beliefs about appropriate diets during pregnancy may influence nutritional habits.
Food Taboos: Some cultures have specific food taboos during pregnancy based on traditional beliefs.
Birth Practices and Rituals:
Cultural Birth Practices: Cultural norms may influence preferences for birthing locations, birthing positions, and the involvement of family members during labor and delivery.
Postpartum Practices: Cultural rituals and practices during the postpartum period can vary significantly.
Sharing information without consent
If a child or young person with capacity, or a parent, objects to information being disclosed, you should consider their reasons, and weigh the possible consequences of not sharing the information against the harm that sharing the information might cause. If a child or young person is at risk of, or is suffering, abuse or neglect, it will usually be in their best interests to share information with the appropriate agency.
You can share confidential information without consent if it is required by law, or directed by a court, or if the benefits to a child or young person that will arise from sharing the information outweigh both the public and the individual’s interest in keeping the information confidential
Sharing information about those at risk
You must tell an appropriate agency, such as your local authority children’s services, the NSPCC or the police, promptly if you are concerned that a child or young person is at risk of, or is suffering, abuse or neglect unless it is not in their best interests to do so (see paragraphs 39 and 40).
You do not need to be certain that the child or young person is at risk of significant harm to take this step.
If a child or young person is at risk of, or is suffering, abuse or neglect, the possible consequences of not sharing relevant information will, in the overwhelming majority of cases, outweigh any harm that sharing your concerns with an appropriate agency might cause.
When telling an appropriate agency about your concerns, you should provide information about both of the following:
the identities of the child or young person, their parents and any other person who may pose a risk to them
the reasons for your concerns, including information about the child’s or young person’s health, and any relevant information about their parents or carers.
You should ask for consent before sharing confidential information unless there is a compelling reason for not doing so. For example, because:
delay in sharing relevant information with an appropriate person or authority would increase the risk of harm to the child or young person
asking for consent may increase the risk of harm to the child, young person, you or anyone else.
you have already decided that disclosure is justified in the public interest.
Reasons for antenatal care and routine visits
check the health of you and your baby.
give you useful information to help you have a healthy pregnancy, including advice about healthy eating and exercise.
discuss your options and choices for your care during pregnancy, labour and birth.
answer any questions you may have.
To prevent unwanted pregnancy and other post delivery complications.
Barriers to MDT working in different professional cultures
Multi-disciplinary: those from different specialisms
working alongside one another
High Risk Preganncy
Maternal Age:
Teenage pregnancies (under 18 years) and advanced maternal age pregnancies (usually 35 years and older) are often considered high-risk due to potential complications.
Medical Conditions:
Pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, and autoimmune disorders can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy.
Multiple Pregnancies:
Twin, triplet, or higher-order pregnancies are at a higher risk of complications, including preterm birth and low birth weight.
Previous Pregnancy Complications:
Women who have experienced complications in previous pregnancies, such as preterm birth, preeclampsia, or gestational diabetes, may be considered at higher risk in subsequent pregnancies.
Pregnancy-Related Complications:
Conditions such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and placenta previa can increase the risk for both the mother and the baby.
Genetic Factors:
Genetic conditions in either the mother or the fetus can contribute to a high-risk pregnancy.
Infections:
Certain infections, such as HIV, syphilis, or cytomegalovirus (CMV), can pose risks during pregnancy.
History of Preterm Birth:
Women who have previously delivered a baby preterm may be at an increased risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies.
Lifestyle Factors:
Smoking, substance abuse, and excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy can contribute to an increased risk of complications.
Obesity:
Obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, and other complications during pregnancy.
Rh Incompatibility:
Rh incompatibility between the mother and the baby’s blood type can lead to complications and requires careful management.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies:
Pregnancies resulting from assisted reproductive technologies (IVF, ICSI, etc.) may have an increased risk of complications.
Uterine Abnormalities:
Structural abnormalities of the uterus may pose challenges during pregnancy.
Poor Obstetric History:
Women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss or stillbirth may be considered high-risk.
Environmental Exposures:
Exposure to certain environmental factors, such as toxins or radiation, can pose risks during pregnancy.
Anatomy of breasts
Major cases of mastitis
Mastitis is when your breast becomes swollen, hot and painful.
It is most common in breastfeeding women and does not usually need medical treatment.
Check if you have mastitis
Mastitis usually only affects 1 breast, and symptoms often come on quickly. They include:
a swollen area on your breast that may feel hot and painful to touch – the area may become red but this can be harder to see if you have black or brown skin
a wedge-shaped breast lump or a hard area on your breast
a burning pain in your breast that might be constant or only when you breastfeed
nipple discharge, which may be white or contain streaks of blood
You may also get flu-like symptoms, such as aches, a high temperature, chills and tiredness.
ICSI
- Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is a form of IVF
- Its basically the process of the egg being fertilized outside of the body.
- Eggs are harvested, placed in a special media in lab, sperm is injected through a fine needle into the center of the egg. If successful the cell will divide and form the first stages of an embryo.
- typically several eggs are harvested and fertilized at the same time, placed in uterus to increase chance of successful pregnancy’=.
- effective treatment for men with infertility:
- low sperm count
- poor morphology - abnormally shaped sperm
- poor motility sperm
Oogenesis
cardinal movements
