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PRAXIS 🧠🤯 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Pyramidal tracts originate _______ and travel to _______. They control _______ movements.

A

Cerebral cortex, spinal cord/brainstem, voluntary

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2
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts originate in ________ and travel to _______. They control ________ movements.

A

brainstem, spinal cord, involuntary/automatic

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3
Q

Upper motor neurons are found in _______. They transmit nerve impulses from _______ to _______.

A

Cerebral cortex/brainstem, brain, LMNs.

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4
Q

Lower motor neurons are found in ______ and transmit nerve impulses from _______ to _______.

A

brainstem/spinal cord, UMNs, muscles

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5
Q

The PNS is divided into these two categories

A

Autonomic (involuntary), Somatic (voluntary)

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6
Q

The ANS is divided into these two categories

A

Parasympathetic, Sympathetic

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7
Q

what does the parasympathetic division do?

A

Controls body functions at rest

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8
Q

what does the sympathetic division do?

A

fight or flight response 

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9
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral cortex (including basal ganglia)

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10
Q

What is the diencephalon? What is its function?

A
  • Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland
  • Connects endocrine with nervous system
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11
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

regulate movement, process auditory & visual information, and connect forebrain to hindbrain

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12
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A

Regulate autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, and relay of sensor information

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13
Q

The Hindbrain is comprised of these three structures

A

Ponds, cerebellum, and medulla

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14
Q

All 3 major cerebral arteries meet at the ________.

A

Circle of Willis

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15
Q

The ACA supplies blood to the following areas

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum

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16
Q

The MCA supplies blood to the following areas

A

Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, temporal lobe, and primary motor cortex 

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17
Q

The PCA supplies blood to the following areas

A

Occipital lobe, cerebellum, and inferior temporal lobe

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18
Q

Commissural fibers start ______ and end in ______

A

one hemisphere, the other

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19
Q

Association, fibers start ______ and end in ________


A

one hemisphere, the same hemisphere

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20
Q

projection fibers start in ______ and end in ______

A

cortex (white matter), brainstem and below

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21
Q

Phases of Swallowing

A
  • Oral Preparation
  • Oral Transport
  • Pharyngeal Phase
  • Esophageal Phase
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22
Q

Oral Preparation

A

Manipulation/mastication of food into a bolus

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23
Q

Oral Transport

A
  • Tongue tip and sides in contact with alveolar ridge
  • Anterior to posterior movement
24
Q

Pharyngeal Phase

A
  • Laryngeal and hyoid elevation
  • Velopharyngeal closure
  • Epiglottis closes airway
  • Walls of pharynx contract
  • Bolus transports from tongue base to UES
25
Q

Esophageal Phase

A

Food transports from pharynx to stomach

26
Q

Intrinsic muscles originate _______ and extend ______

A

both within tongue

27
Q

Extrinsic muscles originate _______ and extend _______

A

outside tongue, within tongue

28
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Superior Longitudinal
  • Inferior Longitudinal
  • Transverse
  • Vertical
29
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus
30
Q

The two types of speech disorders in children with craniofacial malformations

A

Sound production and resonance

31
Q

Types of Sound Production Errors

A
  • Sensory-motor based phonetic errors
  • Linguistic based phonemic errors
  • Pressure-sound errors (nasal emission, compensatory errors)
32
Q

Resonance disorders in CF Malformations

A
  • Velopharyngeal insufficiency
  • Hypernasality
  • Hyponasality
  • Cul de sac resonance (sound is muffled due to obstruction)
33
Q

developmental errors

A

variations also seen in speech of normally developing kids 

34
Q

obligatory errors

A

Structural, abnormality results in speech errors: fix structure before therapy

35
Q

compensatory errors

A

Incorrect placement compensates for structure; traditional speech therapy

36
Q

Evaluation for cranial facial malformations

A
  • Nasal Flutter Test
  • Mirror Test
  • Reading lists (esp. with nasal minimal pairs)
37
Q

Timeline for CF Malformation Surgical Treatment

A
  • 3-6 month: repair of cleft lip
  • 6-12 month: repair of cleft palate
  • 12+ month: speech therapy
38
Q

Tracheostomy

A
  • Opening created through the neck into the trachea between 2nd and 3rd tracheal ring
  • alternative access to airway
  • speech through speaking valve (more natural voice)
  • changes usually temporary
39
Q

Laryngectomy

A
  • surgical removal of larynx due to trauma/cancer
  • speech is never ‘normal’ again
  • TEP or Electrolarynx
  • changes are permanent and irreversible
40
Q

Fenestrated Trach

A

Small hole to allow air to pass through tube to vocal folds

41
Q

Unfenestrated Trach

A

No small holes, requires speaking valve for air to be passed to vocal folds

42
Q

Cuffed Tube

A
  • cuff at end of tube seals off upper airway
  • airway is protected from aspiration
  • if tube is blocked, no oxygen can get to the lungs
43
Q

Uncuffed Tube

A
  • no seal in trachea
  • air can flow through mouth and nose, through tube, and beyond
  • airway is not protected from aspiration
44
Q

CN V Motor Functions

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Elevation of hyoid and larynx
45
Q

CN V Sensory Functions

A
  • Face sensation (forehead/cheek/chin)
  • Position of bolus in mouth/cheek
  • Oral mucosa, teeth, and gums sensation
46
Q

CN VII Motor Functions

A
  • Facial expression muscles
  • Shape, motion, and seal of lips
  • Tone + Movement of cheeks
  • Elevation of hyoid
47
Q

CN VII Sensory Functions

A
  • Taste sensation (anterior 2/3 tongue)
  • Face/oral cavity/soft palate sensation
  • Stimulates salivary glands
48
Q

CN IX Motor Functions

A
  • Stylopharyngeous muscle
  • Larynx/pharynx elevation
  • Pharyngeal constriction/shortening
49
Q

CN IX Sensory Functions

A
  • Taste sensation (posterior 1/3 tongue)
  • Stimulates parotid gland (saliva)
  • Gag reflex
50
Q

CN X Motor Functions

A
  • Intrinsic Laryngeal muscles
  • VP closure and approximation
  • Constriction of esophagus, peristalsis
51
Q

CN X Sensory Functions

A
  • Sensation of food residue on larynx, pharynx, and esophagus
  • Larynx, pharynx, external ear, trachea, esophagus, and diaphragm
52
Q

CN XI Motor Functions

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Temporalis muscle
  • Velopharyngeal closure
  • Head turning, shoulder shrug
53
Q

CN XII Motor Functions

A
  • Innervates all intrinsic muscles of tongue
  • Innervates all but 1 extrinsic muscles of tongue
  • Tongue motion, bolus prep
  • Transport of bolus to pharynx
54
Q

Masseter muscle

A
  • Connects mandible and cheekbone
  • Elevates mandible and closes the mouth
55
Q

Temporalis muscle

A
  • Large, fan shaped muscle
  • Retracts and elevates mandible, side to side movement
56
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A
  • Connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones
  • Elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw
57
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A
  • Two-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull
  • Depresses and protrudes mandible to open mouth

PRAXIS 🧠🤯 (6 decks)

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