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PRAXIS 🧠🤯 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Pyramidal tracts originate _______ and travel to _______. They control _______ movements.

A

Cerebral cortex, spinal cord/brainstem, voluntary

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2
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts originate in ________ and travel to _______. They control ________ movements.

A

brainstem, spinal cord, involuntary/automatic

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3
Q

Upper motor neurons are found in _______. They transmit nerve impulses from _______ to _______.

A

Cerebral cortex/brainstem, brain, LMNs.

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4
Q

Lower motor neurons are found in ______ and transmit nerve impulses from _______ to _______.

A

brainstem/spinal cord, UMNs, muscles

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5
Q

The PNS is divided into these two categories

A

Autonomic (involuntary), Somatic (voluntary)

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6
Q

The ANS is divided into these two categories

A

Parasympathetic, Sympathetic

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7
Q

what does the parasympathetic division do?

A

Controls body functions at rest

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8
Q

what does the sympathetic division do?

A

fight or flight response 

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9
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral cortex (including basal ganglia)

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10
Q

What is the diencephalon? What is its function?

A
  • Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland
  • Connects endocrine with nervous system
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11
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

regulate movement, process auditory & visual information, and connect forebrain to hindbrain

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12
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A

Regulate autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, and relay of sensor information

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13
Q

The Hindbrain is comprised of these three structures

A

Ponds, cerebellum, and medulla

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14
Q

All 3 major cerebral arteries meet at the ________.

A

Circle of Willis

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15
Q

The ACA supplies blood to the following areas

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum

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16
Q

The MCA supplies blood to the following areas

A

Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, temporal lobe, and primary motor cortex 

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17
Q

The PCA supplies blood to the following areas

A

Occipital lobe, cerebellum, and inferior temporal lobe

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18
Q

Commissural fibers start ______ and end in ______

A

one hemisphere, the other

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19
Q

Association, fibers start ______ and end in ________


A

one hemisphere, the same hemisphere

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20
Q

projection fibers start in ______ and end in ______

A

cortex (white matter), brainstem and below

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21
Q

Phases of Swallowing

A
  • Oral Preparation
  • Oral Transport
  • Pharyngeal Phase
  • Esophageal Phase
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22
Q

Oral Preparation

A

Manipulation/mastication of food into a bolus

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23
Q

Oral Transport

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Tongue tip and sides in contact with alveolar ridge
  • Anterior to posterior movement
24
Q

Pharyngeal Phase

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Laryngeal and hyoid elevation
  • Velopharyngeal closure
  • Epiglottis closes airway
  • Walls of pharynx contract
  • Bolus transports from tongue base to UES
25
Esophageal Phase
Food transports from pharynx to stomach
26
Intrinsic muscles originate _______ and extend ______
both within tongue
27
Extrinsic muscles originate _______ and extend _______
outside tongue, within tongue
28
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
- Superior Longitudinal - Inferior Longitudinal - Transverse - Vertical
29
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
- Genioglossus - Hyoglossus - Styloglossus - Palatoglossus
30
The two types of speech disorders in children with craniofacial malformations
Sound production and resonance
31
Types of Sound Production Errors
- Sensory-motor based phonetic errors - Linguistic based phonemic errors - Pressure-sound errors (nasal emission, compensatory errors)
32
Resonance disorders in CF Malformations
- Velopharyngeal insufficiency - Hypernasality - Hyponasality - Cul de sac resonance (sound is muffled due to obstruction)
33
developmental errors
variations also seen in speech of normally developing kids 
34
obligatory errors
Structural, abnormality results in speech errors: fix structure before therapy
35
compensatory errors
Incorrect placement compensates for structure; traditional speech therapy
36
Evaluation for cranial facial malformations
- Nasal Flutter Test - Mirror Test - Reading lists (esp. with nasal minimal pairs)
37
Timeline for CF Malformation Surgical Treatment
- 3-6 month: repair of cleft lip - 6-12 month: repair of cleft palate - 12+ month: speech therapy
38
Tracheostomy
- Opening created through the neck into the trachea between 2nd and 3rd tracheal ring - alternative access to airway - speech through speaking valve (more natural voice) - changes usually temporary
39
Laryngectomy
- surgical removal of larynx due to trauma/cancer - speech is never ‘normal’ again - TEP or Electrolarynx - changes are permanent and irreversible
40
Fenestrated Trach
Small hole to allow air to pass through tube to vocal folds
41
Unfenestrated Trach
No small holes, requires speaking valve for air to be passed to vocal folds
42
Cuffed Tube
- cuff at end of tube seals off upper airway - airway is protected from aspiration - if tube is blocked, no oxygen can get to the lungs
43
Uncuffed Tube
- no seal in trachea - air can flow through mouth and nose, through tube, and beyond - airway is not protected from aspiration
44
CN V Motor Functions
- Muscles of mastication - Elevation of hyoid and larynx
45
CN V Sensory Functions
- Face sensation (forehead/cheek/chin) - Position of bolus in mouth/cheek - Oral mucosa, teeth, and gums sensation
46
CN VII Motor Functions
- Facial expression muscles - Shape, motion, and seal of lips - Tone + Movement of cheeks - Elevation of hyoid
47
CN VII Sensory Functions
- Taste sensation (anterior 2/3 tongue) - Face/oral cavity/soft palate sensation - Stimulates salivary glands
48
CN IX Motor Functions
- Stylopharyngeous muscle - Larynx/pharynx elevation - Pharyngeal constriction/shortening
49
CN IX Sensory Functions
- Taste sensation (posterior 1/3 tongue) - Stimulates parotid gland (saliva) - Gag reflex
50
CN X Motor Functions
- Intrinsic Laryngeal muscles - VP closure and approximation - Constriction of esophagus, peristalsis
51
CN X Sensory Functions
- Sensation of food residue on larynx, pharynx, and esophagus - Larynx, pharynx, external ear, trachea, esophagus, and diaphragm
52
CN XI Motor Functions
- Sternocleidomastoid - Temporalis muscle - Velopharyngeal closure - Head turning, shoulder shrug
53
CN XII Motor Functions
- Innervates all intrinsic muscles of tongue - Innervates all but 1 extrinsic muscles of tongue - Tongue motion, bolus prep - Transport of bolus to pharynx
54
Masseter muscle
- Connects mandible and cheekbone - Elevates mandible and closes the mouth
55
Temporalis muscle
- Large, fan shaped muscle - Retracts and elevates mandible, side to side movement
56
Medial Pterygoid
- Connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones - Elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw
57
Lateral Pterygoid
- Two-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull - Depresses and protrudes mandible to open mouth

PRAXIS 🧠🤯 (6 decks)

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