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KPER 1500 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Human Anatomy

A

The study of the structure and location of different
components of the human body
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

subdivided into surface anatomy (the external body), regional anatomy (specific regions of the body), and systemic anatomy (specific organ systems).

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Is subdivided into cytology (the study
of cells) and histology (the study of tissues).

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4
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • Standardize view the
    body
  • Body standing upright
  • Feet at shoulder width
    and parallel, toes forward.
  • Upper limbs are held out
    to each side
  • Palms of the hands face
    forward
  • It reduces confusion: It
    does not matter how the
    body being described is
    oriented, the terms are
    used as if it is in
    anatomical position
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5
Q

Body Planes (Of Human Body)

A
  • Frontal/Coronal Plane: front and back
  • Midsagittal/Median Plane: right and left
  • Transverse Plane: upper and bottom
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6
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
- Anterior skeleton (FRONT)

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7
Q

Posterior (or dorsal)

A

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
- Posterior skeleton (BACK)

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8
Q

Superior (or cranial)

A

Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
- Pelvis superior to legs

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9
Q

Inferior (or caudal)

A

Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen
- Legs inferior to pelvis

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10
Q

Lateral

A

Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.
- Ears lateral to cheeks

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11
Q

Medial

A

Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.
- Cheeks medial to ears

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The
brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
- Elbow proximal to hand

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13
Q

Distal

A

Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The
crus is distal to the femur.
- Hand distal to elbow

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.

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15
Q

Deep

A

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

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16
Q

Flexion and Extension (Movement)

A
  • Action: Reduces / increases angle between joint
  • Reference: Sagittal plane movement
  • Example:Biceps curl
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17
Q

Abduction and Adduction (Movement)

A
  • Action: Away / towards mid line
  • Reference: Frontal plane movement
  • Example: Jumping jacks
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18
Q

Pronation and Supination (Movement)

A
  • Action: Palm faces posterior / anterior
  • Reference: hand and forearm movement
  • Example: Holing bowl of soup
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19
Q

Dorsi flexion and Plantar flexion (Movement)

A
  • Action: Foot up / foot plants
  • Reference: Sole foot movement
  • Example: toe raise
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20
Q

Inversion and Eversion (Movement )

A
  • Action: Sole moves in / out
  • Reference: Sole foot movement
  • Example: Rolling over ankle
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21
Q

Medial/internal rotation and Lateral/external rotation (Movement)

A
  • Action: Flexed forearm moves in / out
  • Reference: Longitudinal axis movement
  • Example: opening / closing doors
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22
Q

Short (Bones)

A
  • Function: Shock Absorbers
  • Example: Carpals and Tarsals
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23
Q

Long (Bones)

A
  • Function: Levers
  • Example: Femur and Humerus
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24
Q

Flat (Bones)

A
  • Function: Protect Organs
  • Example: Skull, Scapula, and Ribs
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25
Q

Irregular (Bones)

A
  • Function: Special Function
  • Example: Facial bones and Vertebrae
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26
Q

Sesamoid (Bones)

A
  • Function: Change pressure / friction
  • Example: Patella
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27
Q

Strong Bone

A
  • Density: UP
  • Mineralization: UP
  • Porosity: DOWN
28
Q

Weak Bone

A
  • Density: DOWN
  • Mineralization: DOWN
  • Porosity: Up
29
Q

Pivot (Joint Movement)

A
  • Description: One bone rotates around one axis
  • Movement: Uniaxial, Flexion-extension
  • Examples: Neck
30
Q

Gliding (Joint Movement)

A
  • Description: Bone surfaces involved are nearly flat
  • Movement: Uniaxial, Gliding
  • Examples: Acromio-clavicular
31
Q

Hinge (Joint Movement)

A
  • Description: Convex and concave articulating surfaces
  • Movement: Uniaxial, Flexion-extension
  • Examples: Elbow
32
Q

Saddle (Joint Movement)

A
  • Description: Bones set together as in sitting on a horse
  • Movement: Biaxial, Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction
  • Examples: Thumb
33
Q

Condyloid (Joint Movement)

A
  • Description: Ovular convex shape and reciprocal concave surfaces
  • Movement: Biaxial, Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction
  • Examples: Knuckles
34
Q

Ball and Socket (Joint Movement)

A
  • Description: A rounded bone is fitted into a cup-like receptacle
  • Movement: Multiaxial, 3-axis rotation
  • Examples: Hip
35
Q

Sensorimotor System

A
  1. Skeletal System
  2. Muscular System
  3. Nervous System
36
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • Supports the body
  • Enables movement (with muscular system)
  • Cartilage
  • Bones
  • Joint
37
Q

Muscular System

A
  • Enables movement (with Skeletal System)
  • Helps maintain body temperature
  • Skeletal Muscles
  • Tendons
38
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Detects and processes sensory information
  • Activates bodily responses
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Peripheral Nerves
39
Q

Joints

A
  • Point of connection between two or more
    bones
  • Ligaments
    • Connective tissues
    • Provide stability and hold bones together
  • Classified by the degree of movement
40
Q

Cartilaginous Joints (Joint Classification)

A
  • Limited movement
  • Absorb shock
  • Example: Intervertebral discs
41
Q

Fibrous Joints (Joint Classification)

A
  • No movement
  • Absorb shock
    Example: Skull sutures
42
Q

Synovial Joints (Joint Classification)

A
  • Greatest degree of movement
  • Allow movement, most common
  • Example: Hip Joint
43
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  1. Joint Capsule
  2. Joint Cavity
  3. Hyaline Cartilage
  4. Extrinsic Ligaments
44
Q

Joint Capsule

A
  • Surrounds the joint and provides support
  • Lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
45
Q

Joint Cavity

A
  • Filled with synovial fluid for lubrication
  • Also cushions
46
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Dense white connective tissue that covers and protects the ends of the articulating bones
47
Q

Extrinsic Ligaments

A
  • Support the joint
  • Connect the articulating bones of the joint
48
Q

Muscle Types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
49
Q

Skeletal

A
  • Attached to bone
  • Contraction = body movement
  • Motor nerve control / voluntary
50
Q

Cardiac

A
  • Heart contraction / beating
  • Very fatigue resistant
  • Has own intrinsic beat
  • Autonomic nerve control / involuntary
51
Q

Smooth

A
  • Blood vessels & organs
  • Slow and uniform contractions
  • Fatigue resistant
  • Autonomic nerve control / involuntary
52
Q

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

A
  • ORIGIN
  • INSERTION
53
Q

ORIGIN (Proximal Attachment)

A
  • Closer to the centre of the body
  • Attached to more stationary parts
54
Q

INSERTION (distal attachment)

A
  • Away from the centre of the body
  • More mobile structures
55
Q

Muscle Structure

A
  • whole muscle
  • fascicle
  • fiber
  • myofibril
  • myofilament
56
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • Receives sensory information about the body and environment
  • Provides motor commands to the muscles
  • Plays major role in learning and controlling movements
  • Network of cells, tissues, & organs that regulates the
    actions and responses of the body
  • Two major components
    • central - CNS
    • peripheral - PNS
57
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • The “control center” that receives information
    from the body, integrates that information, and
    sends signals to all part of the body
    • brain
    • spinal cord
  • control of movement
58
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Involved in planning and execution of voluntary
    movement
  • Key regions for motor control:
    • Premotor cortex
    • Motor cortex
    • Somatosensory cortex
59
Q

Motor & Somatosensory regions

A
  • Cerebral cortex organized in terms of motor and sensory functions of
    specific anatomical structures
  • determines effects of injuries to specific parts of the brain
60
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Plays important role in
    integration and fine-tuning of movement
  • Especially involved in the
    coordination and timing of
    movement
61
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Relays messages between brain and periphery
- 31 spinal nerves categorized by region:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral

62
Q

Spinal Cord (Matter)

A
  • Gray matter - cell bodies, interneurons, axons and dendrites
  • White matter - axons
    • White matter organized into ascending and descending tracts
  • Sensory signals enter cord dorsal side
  • Motor signals exit cord ventral side
63
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Transmits information to and from the CNS
  • Network of nerves that run between the spinal cord and all parts of the body
  • Two components
    • sensory neurons - afferent
    • motor neurons - efferent
64
Q

Neurons

A
  • Represent the cellular unit in the nervous system
    • Cell body (soma)
    • Dendrites
      • Receive signals from
        other neurons
    • Axon
      • Many are surrounded
        by a myelin sheath
    • Axonal endings
      • transmit signals to
        other neurons
65
Q

Motor System

A
  • Motor unit: a single motor neuron and
    all of the muscle fibers it innervates
    • Represents smallest functional unit of
      neuromuscular system
    • Each MU has between 10’s - 1000’s of muscle fibers
    • MU’s classified by properties
      • Fast twitch
      • Slow twitch
66
Q

Motor System (Muscle Force Gradation)

A
  • Two mechanisms used by the CNS
  • Recruitment: varying the number of active motor units
    • size principle
  • rate coding: varying the stimulation frequency of active motor units
67
Q

Spinal cord

A

Control of movement ?
- SC can control some aspects of movement with little or no input from
the brain
- Spinal reflexes
- Mono-synaptic stretch reflex
- Withdrawal reflex
- Crossed extensor reflex

KPER 1500 (12 decks)

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