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CCI book Review > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the apex point?

A

Towards the left hip

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2
Q

During diastole atria and ventricles are

A

Relaxed

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3
Q

During systole the atriums and ventricles

A

Contract

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4
Q

What muscles are in the atriums?

A

Pectinate muscles ( mostly located in the RA)

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5
Q

What vessels drain into the RA?

A

SVC
IVS
CS

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6
Q

What vessels enter into the LA?

A

Pulmonary veins (4) they enter the posterior part of the chamber.

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7
Q

What does LAA stand for?

A

Left atrial appendage

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8
Q

What kind of oxygen does pulmonary veins carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs

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9
Q

Which ventricle has the greater wall thickness?

A

Left ventricle

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10
Q

What does IAS stand for?

A

Interatrial septum

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11
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?
- when do the usually close?

A

Is a hole in the septum that allows blood to flow from one atrium to the other.
- during childhood.

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12
Q

What does PFO stand for?
What is it?

A

“Patent foremen ovale“
- occurs when the foremen ovale does NOT seal after birth

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13
Q

What is the foremen ovale?

A

A natural shunt that allows blood to enter the left atrium to the right atrium. Usually close a year after child birth

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14
Q

Regions of IAS

A
  • sinus venosus= at the roof of both atrias
  • septum secundum= mid portion
  • septum primum= inferior adjacent to the AV valves
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15
Q

Which septum is thicker?

A

IVS

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16
Q

What is the membranous septum of the IVS?

A

A thin portion of the IVS located superiorly (basal portion between the ventricular outflow tracts)

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17
Q

Regions of IVS

A
  • Inlet= Inferior to membranous septum
  • trabecular = largest region. Extends from the membranous septum to apex
  • infundibular = superior to trabecular septum and inferior to great vessels
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18
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

A groove of the heart that lies between the RA and RV

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19
Q

What is the atrioventricular groove?

A

A groove that separates the atria from the ventricles

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20
Q

What is the crux of the heart ?

A

Located at the posterior basal surface where 4 chambers meet (the crux)

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21
Q

Valves open the close in response to _____ changes in the heart.

A

Pressure

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22
Q

Valves are what kind of flow?

A

Unidirectional

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23
Q

where are AV valves located?

A

Between the atriums and the ventricles

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24
Q

AV valves allow blood to flow between the atria and ventricles during ______.

A

Diastole

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25
Q

What valve is the only bicuspid valve of the heart?

A

Mitral valve

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26
Q

What does the mitral valve divide?

A

The LA and LV

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27
Q

What are the 2 leaflets of the MV?

A

Anterior and posterior connected by chordae tendonae to each pap muscle

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28
Q

Which leaflet of the MV is the largest?

A

Anterior leaflet

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29
Q

What valve is the largest of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve

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30
Q

There are three leaflets for the TV what are they?
- largest?
- smallest?
- where does the septal attach to?

A

Anterior, Posterior , Septal
- anterior
- posterior
- IVS

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31
Q

How many pap muscles are there? And how are they divided in the ventricles?

A
  • 5 total
  • 3 in the right
  • 2 in the left
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32
Q

Where do the pap muscles attach to?

A

The cusps of the AV valves via Chordae tendonae

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33
Q

Where are SL valves located?

A

Between the ventricles and the great vessels

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34
Q

Where is the pulmonic valve located?

A

In the RVOT

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35
Q

How many cusps does the PV have?

A

3
Anterior
Right and left

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36
Q

Which valve is the most anterior heart valve?

A

Pulmonic valve

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37
Q

How many cusps does the AV have?
- what are they?

A

3 cusps based on the origins of the coronary arteries
- right coronary cusps (RCC)
- left coronary cusps (LCC)
- non coronary cusps (NCC)

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38
Q

Function of AV valve during diastole and systole

A

Diastole= closes
Systole = opens

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39
Q

What is the Eustachian valve ?

A

Is a ridge of variable thickness in the Inferior right atrium. Remnant of fetal structures

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40
Q

What veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary veins

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41
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary veins carry?

A

Oxygenated from the lungs

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42
Q

Name the 4 pulmonary veins

A
  • right superior
  • right inferior
  • left superior
  • left inferior
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43
Q

Which view is the best to Doppler the pulmonary veins?

A

4 chamber

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44
Q

What kind of wave form does pulmonary veins have?

A

The flow is continuous

45
Q

The pulmonary vein S WAVE velocity represents what?

A

Flow during atrial relaxation

46
Q

Pulmonary vein wave form in systole shows what kind of flow? And is it above it below the baseline?

A
  • forward flow
  • above baseline ( S wave)
47
Q

Pulmonary vein diastole shows forward flow through early diastole shown above or below baseline?

A

Above

48
Q

Pulmonary vein D wave velocity represents what?

A

Flow during early ventricular diastole

49
Q

Pulmonary vein A wave reversal velocity represents what?

A

Flow during atrial systole

50
Q

What blood does the pulmonary and systemic circulation have?

A

Pulmonary = deoxygenated
Systemic= oxygenated

51
Q

List the layers of the heart.

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
  • pericardial cavity (space)
  • parietal layer
  • fibrous pericardium
52
Q

What are muscle fibers in the heart called?

A

Myofibrils that form pap muscles

53
Q

What is the source of myocardial energy?

A

ATP for muscle contraction

54
Q

What are the 2 elements myofibrils consist of ?

A

-Sacromeres = contractile elements and have fixed length
- sliding filaments= capable of contracting and developing tension

55
Q

Sacromeres ______ due to change in volume or pressure.

A

Stretch

56
Q

______ ( mineral) causes contraction

A

Calcium

57
Q

What are the 4 components of contraction?

A
  • force
  • velocity
  • length of muscle
  • time
58
Q

Fat has the same echogenisity as ______.

A

Blood

59
Q

It can be hard to distinguish between a fat pad and _____.

A

A localized PE

60
Q

What’s the normal position of the heart?

A

Midline of the thorax , slightly left of midline

61
Q

What is the space behind the heart called?

A

Retro - cardiac space

62
Q

Position of the heart depends on the patients what?

A

Body habitis

63
Q

What does cardiac malposotion mean?

A

An abnormal location of the heart in the chest or relative to abdominal organs.

64
Q

Levocardia heart position

A

Defined as a Normal cardiac position. Cardiac base to apex = upper right to lower left

65
Q

Dextricardia heart position

A

Heart is located on the RIGHT SIDE of the chest. Base to apex = upper left to lower right

66
Q

Mesocardia heart position

A

Displacement of the heart toward the right but not completely in the right chest.

67
Q

What are the first 3 branches of the ascending aorta?

A
  • Innominate
  • LCCA
  • left subclavian artery
68
Q

Aortic root sections

A
  • aortic annulus
  • sinus of valsalva
  • sinotubular junction
69
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after closure?

A

Ligamentum arteriosus

70
Q

Where do tears or dissections occur in the descending aorta?

A

At the weakened areas of the aortic wall

71
Q

Aortic wall layers ( inner to outer)

A

-tunica intima = inner smooth layer
- tunica media= middle muscular layer
- tunica adventitia = outer layer

72
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery originate?
And what does it branch into?

A

The pulmonic valve
- right and left pulmonary branches

73
Q

Where does the Right pulmonary artery lie?

A

Directed posterior and toward the right behind the aorta and the SVC

74
Q

Where does the left pulmonary artery lie?

A

Directed posteriorly with a curvature similar to the main trunk

75
Q

The most distal portions of the pulmonary artery branches are comprised of ____ where oxygen exchange occurs

A

Arterioles

76
Q

Coronary arteries supply what?

A

Oxygenated blood to the myocardium

77
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries ?

A
  • right main coronary artery
  • left main coronary artery
78
Q

Where does myocardium perfusion occur?

A

From epicardium to endocardium

79
Q

What is the flow in coronary arteries normally?
- but what does the RCA show?

A

Diastolic
- RCA shows BOTH systolic and diastolic components

80
Q

The left coronary artery distributes blood to the ____ side of the heart, left atrium and IVS

A

Left

81
Q

Where does the circum flex artery arise from?
- what does it join with?

A

LCA

joins with the small branches of the RCA

82
Q

What is the second major branch arising from the LCA?

A

Left anterior descending artery (LAD)

83
Q

What is arterial anastomoses?

A

It provides an alternative collateral blood supply to target areas in cases where the primary pathway is OBSTRUCTED

84
Q

The right coronary artery distributes blood to the _____ side of the heart , right atrium , portions of both ventricles and heart conduction system

A

Right

85
Q

What do the marginal arteries of the coronary system (on the right side) supply?

A

Blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle

86
Q

The right coronary artery gives rise to ________ in the posterior side.

A

Posterior descending artery

87
Q

What is hypokenesis for abnormal wall motion?

A

Systolic wall thickening occurs but is marked as reduced

88
Q

Akenesis

A

Absence of systolic wall thickening , thin wjth scarred myocardium

89
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Systolic expansion of wall segments.
Moves paradoxically relative to surrounding myocardium

90
Q

Right and left innominate veins drain into the_____

A

SVC

91
Q

Hepatic veins join the ____

A

IVC

92
Q

Veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

Towards

93
Q

What’s more muscular , arteries or veins?

A

Arteries

94
Q

Do veins contain valves?

A

Yes

95
Q

What helps to squeeze the veins to help pump the blood back to the heart?

A

The movement of muscles

96
Q

What does it mean that veins are capacitance vessels ?

A

Because they contain 60% of the bodies blood volume

97
Q

Smaller arteries called arterioles diverge into ——

A

Capillary beds

98
Q

Capillaries carry blood _____ from the body and exchange what?

A
  • away
  • nutrients , waste and oxygen
99
Q

What circulation provided blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary circulation

100
Q

What circulation provides blood to the body ?

A

Systemic circulation

101
Q

What is apart of the pulmonary circulation?

A
  • RV
  • main pulmonary artery
    Its branches,
  • pulmonary capillaries and - pulmonary veins
102
Q

Components of the systemic circulation

A
  • LV
  • aorta
  • systemic capillary network
  • SVC
  • IVC
103
Q

Which circulation has higher pressure and resistance ? ( systemic or pulmonic )

A

Systemic

104
Q

What is the primary function of the heart ?

A

To deliver O2 blood and nutrients to the body for metabolism and to remove CO2 and other waste products

105
Q

Preload

A

Ventricular end diastolic pressure
- amount of diastolic filling (frank starling law)

106
Q

After load

A

Aortic arterial pressure and vascular resistance that the ventricle MUST overcome to eject volume

107
Q

Norepinephrine increases what?

A

Contractility

108
Q

Synergy

A

Ability of the ventricles to eject blood due to synchrony of wall motion

CCI book Review (7 decks)

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