Anatomy Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

What is the function of the kidney

A

filter blood, produce urine, secrete hormones and produce calcitriol

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2
Q

is the superior or inferior part of the kidney more lateral

A

the inferior pole

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3
Q

which way does the hilum of the kidney face

A

anteromedially

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4
Q

between what spinal levels would you find the right kidney? left?

A

right TV12-LV3

left TV11-LV2

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5
Q

which kidney is more easily palpated and why

A

right kidney because it is lower

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6
Q

what structures lay posterior to the kidneys

A

diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis, subcostal n(T12), iliohypogastric n(L1), ilioinguinal n(L1)

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7
Q

What can the iliopsoas test tell you about the abdomen

A

abdominal infection

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8
Q

What structures lay anterior to the right kidney

A

liver, duodenum, ascending colon, hepatorenal recess

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9
Q

what structures lay anterior to the left kidney

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas, jéjunum, descending colon

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10
Q

what is the role of the fat and fascia around kidneys

A

protective and to anchor kidney in place

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11
Q

where is the pararenal fat and the perirenal fat

A

pararenal is external to renal fascia

perirenal is between kidney and renal fascia

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12
Q

what causes nephrotosis and what is it

A

dropped kidney into pelvis caused by deficiency in fats and fascia around kidney- late stages starvation

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13
Q

how do perinephric abscesses spread

A

not to the contralateral kidney

inferiorlly into the pelvis because of the anterior and posterior fascia layers fuse

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14
Q

what are the renal papillae

A

apex of renal pyramid directed toward renal sinus

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15
Q

what is a minor calyx, major calyx?

A

minor- surround and drain renal papillae

major- confluence of 2-3 minor calyces

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16
Q

How many arteries do the renal arteries divide into

A

5 segmental

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17
Q

which renal artery is longer? vein?

A

right renal artery is longer, left renal vein is longer

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18
Q

what veins drain into left renal vein

A

left gonadal, left inferior phrenic, left suprarenal vein

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19
Q

what is nutcracker syndrome

A

renal vein entrapment from the left renal vein being compressed by the aorta and Superior mesenteric a
men will form varicosities around testicular vein= pain

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20
Q

How do autonomic fibers distribute in the abdomen

A

renal plexus

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21
Q

what levels of smypathetics distribute to renal system

A

T10-L1 via lesser, least and lumbar splanchnics

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22
Q

where are the postganglionic cell bodies located for renal sympathetics

A

aorticorenal and renal ganglia

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23
Q

do the renal sympathtetics carry efferents and afferents?

A

yes efferent is vasomotor

afferent- acute pain T10-L1

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24
Q

Where are the parasympathtetics to renal

A

preganglionic in vagus

postganglionic in wall of organ

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25
what are kidney stones
concretions of salts and inorganic material that accumulate in kidney and pass into ureter
26
Describe the course of the ureters
inferomedially along posterior abdominal wall descending over pelvic brim to enter pelvis and then along lateral wall to enter posterior bladder wall
27
where do kidney stones commonly lodge
at renal pelvis.ureter junction at passage over pelvic brim at entry into urinary bladder
28
what vessels supply the ureters
upper 1/3 is from renal aa midle 1/3 form gonaldal, aorta and common iliac aa lower 1/3 from the internal iliac aa
29
where do lymphatics drain from the ureters
upper 1/3 to lumbar lymph nodes middle 1/3 to common iliac lymph nodes lower 1/3 to common, external and internal iliac lymph nodes
30
What autonomic suply does the upper ureter get? | lower?
upper from renal plexus and lower from inferior hypogastric plexuses
31
What sympathetic cord levels supply ureters
T10-L1/2 via lesser, least and lumbar splanchnic nn
32
where are the parasympathtetics to ureters
upper is from vagus | lower is from pelvic splanchnic nn
33
what is the efferent and afferent parasympathtetics to ureters
efferent is vasomotor and motor to smooth mm | afferent is stretch
34
what spinal cord levels are associated with pain from kidney or loin to groin pain
T10-L2
35
Where is the apex of the bladder
posterior to pubic symphysis
36
where is the neck of the bladder
inferior portion surrounds internal urethral orifice
37
where does the median umbilibal ligament attach to urinary bladder
to the apex
38
where does the ureter enter bladder
posterior, base surface
39
what is the detrusor muscles layer of bladder
3 layers of smooth muscle not well organized
40
what surface of bladder is covered with a serosa
the superior surface
41
where is the trigone of the bladder
area between ureteral orifices and internal urethral orifice
42
what is an extension of the ureteric muscle
the inner trigonal muslce
43
what is the outer tirgonal muscle
typical detrusor muscle
44
What is a Cystocele and what causes it
fallen bladder resulting from weakening og the pelvic diaphragm and or ligaments that support it usually in childbirth, also obesity, chronic constipation or heavy lifting
45
what can a cystocele cause
urinary incontinence
46
How do autonomic fibers reach bladder
hypogastric plexus
47
what sympathetic cord levels distribute to the bladder
T10-L2 via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
48
what muscles are inn by the bladder sympathetics
trigonal muscle, sphincter urethrae mm and vasomotors
49
describe the parasympathetics to bladder and function
travel with pelvic planchnic nn with bodies in the wall of organs and contract detrusmor mm and vasomotor control. the afferents carry stretch and pain from non-pertionealized portions of bladder
50
how long is the male urethra
18-22cm
51
what are the various portions of the male urethra
intramural from neck of bladder prostate that extends through prostate membranous with is the spongy penile urethra
52
what are the associated glands with male urethra
bulbourethral glands and the urethral(mucous secreting)
53
how long is the female urethra
4 cm
54
what are the various portions of the female urethra
superior is the pelvic portion and the inferior is the perineal portion
55
what glands in the female are homologous to the prostate gland in males
the paraurethral glands near open of external urethral orifice
56
how does micturition or urination begin
streth receptors are fired from filling and rravel through pelvic splanchnic nn S2-S4 to brainstem descending fibers activate moto part of pelvic splachnic nn that cause contraction of detrusor mm and relaxation of the sphincter urethrae mm
57
what is right above right kidney, above T12 rib
diaphragmatic pleural recess of lung
58
what muscles form the bed for the kidneys
psoas major, quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis
59
what is the most anterior structure passing into hilum of kidneys
the veins
60
what type of nerves are in a plexus
PANS and SANS