Histology

Question 1

What is the function of the kidney

Answer 1

regulate volume and composition of body fluids

produce ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

Question 2

where in the kidney system is ultrafiltrate modified

Answer 2

uriniferous tubule

Question 3

how is urine moved through ureters

Answer 3

peristalsis

Question 4

what type of fibers make up the stroma of the kidneys

Answer 4

collagen fibers with CT and reticular fibers

Question 5

what type of cells make of the parenchyma

Answer 5

epithelial cells arranged in tubules

Question 6

what makes up the uriniferous tubules

Answer 6

medullary pyramids in conical structure with the vase oriented toward capsule and the apex toward the renal sinue
this tubule inserts into minor calyx

Question 7

how many major calyces are made from minor calyces

Answer 7

3-4

Question 8

What is the cortex called that is found between adjacent pyramids in the kidneys

Answer 8

columns of betin

Question 9

what composes one renal lobe

Answer 9

one medullary pyramid that overlays cortex

Question 10

what is a functional unit of kidney

Answer 10

nephron

Question 11

what are nephrons subdivided into

Answer 11

renal corpuscle and a secretory tubule

Question 12

where does a nephron feed into

Answer 12

collecting duct

Question 13

where is the bowmans capsule found

Answer 13

within the renal corpuscle of the nephron

Question 14

how many layers is the epithelium of bowmans capsule

Answer 14

double layer

parietal and visceral

Question 15

what type of cells make up the visceral epithelium

Answer 15

podocytes

Question 16

where is the bowmans space and what does it receive

Answer 16

between parietal and visceral layers that receives glomerular filtrate

Question 17

what is the glomeruls

Answer 17

a tuft of capillaries that indent bowman’s capsule

Question 18

what are the two poles of the glomerulus

Answer 18

vascular pole is wehre vessels enter and leave capsule

the urinaru pole is where ultrafiltrate exits corpuscle

Question 19

what type of cells are found in renal corpuscle

Answer 19

endothelial cells of capillaries
mseangial cells
podocytes-squamous cells of parietal epithelium

Question 20

What do endothelial cells at the glomerular filtration barrier produce

Answer 20

sialic acid rich glycocalyx with fenestrations

Question 21

what do the podocytes produce and what do they look like

Answer 21

sialic acid-rich glycocalyx

trabeculae and foot processes that interdigitate with other pedicles to form filtration slits

Question 22

what is the appearance of the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 22

trilaminar appearance

Question 23

what is the primary barrier to filtration

Answer 23

the glomerular basement mebrane

Question 24

what compunds are abundant in the basement membrane of the glomerulus

Answer 24

haparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate

Question 25

what layer of the basement membrane borders the epithelial cell? what about endothelial cell

Answer 25

lamina rara interna next to epithelial cell | lamina rara externa next to endothelial cell

Question 26

Where is collagen IV most abundant in basement membrane of glomerulus

Answer 26

lamina densa(central layer)

Question 27

What glycoportein is on the surface of LRI and LRE

Answer 27

laminin

Question 28

What layer are most filtrates limited in the basement membrane of glomerulus

Answer 28

at the lamina rare interna

Question 29

what size molecules pass freely through glomerulus

Answer 29

under 5,200 MW

Question 30

what size moelcules cannot pass through glomeruls

Answer 30

above 69,000MW

Question 31

what is a major determinant of a molecule through the glomerulus

Answer 31

the charge, because the barrier is anionic from heparin sulfate so plasma proteins are repelled and cations pass more readily

Question 32

Why are the urniferous tubules very acidophilic

Answer 32

mitochondria

Question 33

what do the uriniferous tubules look like under microscope

Answer 33

ligth stellate lumen with many microvilli making the border look fuzzy

Question 34

What area reabsorbs 70-80% of glomerular filtrate

Answer 34

the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 35

what is the morphology of the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 35

cuboidal cells with dense microvillus (brush border) and abundant mitochondria

Question 36

how do proximal straight tubules look different than proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 36

cells are shorter with less microvilli and less developed with fewer mitochondria

Question 37

What do the proximal straight tubules narrow into

Answer 37

loop of henle

Question 38

In what structure is the loop of henle

Answer 38

medulla

Question 39

ascending limb of Henle pumps what into interstisium

Answer 39

NaCl

Question 40

what type of cells line the loop of henle

Answer 40

simple squamous epithelium

Question 41

What exchange occurs in the descending limb of henle

Answer 41

H2O out | Na, Cl and K move into

Question 42

which part of loop of henle is impermeable to water

Answer 42

ascending limb because lack of aquaporin | NaCl and K actively transported back into medulla

Question 43

What is the net result of loop of henle diffusions

Answer 43

osmotic pressure that draws H2) into medullary space and makes the filtrate hypertonic and medullary space hyperosmolar

Question 44

what is the morphology of the distal straight tubule

Answer 44

cuboidal epithelium with basolateral interdigitations apically placed nuclei with numerous mitochondria pale pink stain

Question 45

Where is the distal convuluted tubule found

Answer 45

cortex

Question 46

Which tubule is shorter: the proximal or distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 46

DCT is 60% shorter

Question 47

Under influence of aldosterone what ions pass in DCT

Answer 47

``` reabsorb Na reabsorb HCO3 secrete H secrete K secrete ammonia ```

Question 48

What is the function of the justaglomerular apparatus

Answer 48

regulate body's salt and water balance

Question 49

When BP is low what is released in juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 49

renin

Question 50

what 3 cell types are found in juxtaglomerula apparatus

Answer 50

afferent arteriole (JG cells) macula densa of distal tubule extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis or polkisson)

Question 51

What cells secrete renin

Answer 51

JG cells that are modified smooth muscle cells

Question 52

what cells monitor the Na [ ] in tubule and stimulate renin release and contraction

Answer 52

the macula densa closely packed cells

Question 53

what is the function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 53

fusiform flat cells that provide support

Question 54

describe the cell shape of cells in cortical portion of collecting ducts

Answer 54

begin cuboidal and become columnar as they reach center

Question 55

what is the final site of concentration of urine

Answer 55

the medullary portion of collecting ducts | H2O is lost due to hypertonic medullary intersittium

Question 56

what makes the collecting ducts more permeable to H2O

Answer 56

ADH

Question 57

what do the collecting ducts become in the medulla

Answer 57

large papillary ducts of Bellini

Question 58

What are the 2 types of cells in the collecting ducts

Answer 58

light cells that release H2) through aquaporin channels dark cells that have alpha to secrete H and beta to secrete HCO3

Question 59

How many types of cells make up the interstitial around collectin ducts

Answer 59

3 types

Question 60

What is the most prinicipal type of cells in intersititium of kidneys

Answer 60

type I which are produce powerful vasodilators such as PGs

Question 61

What are type II and III interstitial cells

Answer 61

II are probably phagocytic | III are unknown function

Question 62

what vasoconstrictor is made in glomeruli

Answer 62

leukotrienes

Question 63

What structures are found int he medulla area of kidney

Answer 63

loops of henle, associsated PST and DST and central collecting duct

Question 64

what structures are found in the cortex area of kidney

Answer 64

renal corpuscles, PCTs and DCTs loops of hence associated PSTs and DSTs and central collecting duct

Question 65

what supply the renal corpuscles of lobule

Answer 65

interlobar aa

Question 66

describe the flow of renal vascular supply

Answer 66

``` aorta renal a segmental a interlobar aa arcuate aa interlobar aa afferent arterioles glomeruls efferent arterioles --> vasa recta and peritubular capillaries ```

Question 67

where are the cotical peritubular capillaries found

Answer 67

outer cortex and they drain into interlobular veins and arcuate veins

Question 68

where are the vasa recta aa located

Answer 68

juxtamedullary region that descen into medulla and parallel loops of henle

Question 69

what veins do the vasa rect bypass

Answer 69

interlobular veins so they drain directly into arcuate veins

Question 70

What are the layers of the lower urinary tract

Answer 70

mucosa muscularis adventitia

Question 71

what are the layers of the mucosa of lower urinary tract

Answer 71

transitional epithelium with a lamina propria that attaches epithelium to smooth muscle

Question 72

what are the layers of the muscular is of the lower urinary tract

Answer 72

inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer of smooth muscles

Question 73

what does the adventitia layer of the lower urinary tract do

Answer 73

attaches organs to surrounding structures that may be covered with serosa

Question 74

What structure prevents extravasation of urine into interstitium

Answer 74

the tight junctions between stratified epithelium (when stretched become flattened)

Question 75

What lines the calyces in kidney

Answer 75

transitional epithelium (2-3 cells thick)

Question 76

describe the layers of the ureter

Answer 76

mucosa with a dense lamina propria and transitional epithelium 4-5 cells thick muscularis with inner longitudinal and outer circular adventitita/serosa on ventral surfaces

Question 77

How does the bladder stop filling

Answer 77

when it is filled the urine compresses ureter with bladder wall creating a pseudo-valve and preventing back flow of urine

Question 78

how thick is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder

Answer 78

6-8 cells thick

Question 79

describe the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder

Answer 79

muscle very thick- detrusor | interlaced bundles of smooth m

Question 80

what is the outermost layer of urinary bladder

Answer 80

CT septa where nerves and vessels run- PANS ganglia present here

Question 81

When does the internal sphincter of smooth muscle open

Answer 81

automatically when detrusor contracts

Question 82

The urethra is high inw hat type of fiber

Answer 82

elastin

Question 83

how are the cells of epithelium arranged in urethra

Answer 83

pseudostratified then to stratified squamous at external orifice

Question 84

the external sphincter of the female urethra is what type of structure

Answer 84

skeletal muscle of urogenital diaphragm

Question 85

What part of the urethra in a male is surrounded by skel muscle

Answer 85

the membranous urethra