Anatomy Flashcards by Alayna Johnson

All things are composed of what?

Chemicals consisting atoms

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Protons, neutrons, & electrons that make up an atom

Subatomic particles

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What are the levels or organization?

1. Atom
* Tiny particles that make up chemicals
* Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C)

2. Molecule
* Particles consisting of atoms joined together
* Water, Glucose

3. Macromolecule
* Large particles consisting of molecules
* DNA, protein

4. Organelle
* Functional part of cell
* Mitochondrion, lysosome

5. Cell
* Basic unit of structure & functions
* Muscle cell, blood cell

6. Tissue
* Layer/mass of cells w/ specific functions
* Adipose tissue

7. Organ
* Group of different tissues w/ a function
* Heart, kidney

8. Organ system
* Group of organs w/ a common function
* Digestive system, resp. system

9. Organism
* Composed of organ systems interacting
* Human

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Bodys maintenance of stable internal enviornment
* Requires most of our metabolic energy

Receptors: Provides information
Control center: Tells what particular value should be
Effectors: Cause responses to change to internal enviornment

Homeostasis

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Most common homeostatic mech

Effectors return conditions toward normal range
* Maintains balance
* Prevent severe changes in the body
* Long lived

Ex:
* BP
* T
* Glucose (Insulin)

Negative feedback loop

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Change/deviatuion is intensified, instead of reversed
* Uncommon homeostatic mech in body
* Increases until normal
* Short lived

Ex:
* Blood clots
* Breastfeeding
* Labor

Positive feedback loop

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Includes head, neck, & trunk
* Cranial cavity: Houses brain
* Vertebral cavity: Spinal cavity/cord, backbone/vertebra
* Thoracic cavity: Heart, lungs and pleura
* Abdominopelvic cavity: All of your organs other than your brain, heart, and lungs

Pg 20

Axial portion

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What seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

pg 20

Diaphragm

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Seperated from abdominopelvic by diaphragm
* Broad thin muscle

Walls are composed of skin, skeletal muscles, & bones

At rest, muscle is curved upwards into thorax (like dome) ; when contracting during inhalation, muscle curves down on abdominal viscera

Includes:
* L pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Mediastinum
* R pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Pericardial cavity: Surrounding heart & covering surface

pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10, 37

Thoracic cavity

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Extends forward to the sternum & backward to the vertebral column

Forms boundry between R & L sides of thoracic cavity
* R & L lungs are on either side

Includes:
* Heart
* Esophagus
* Trachea
* Thymus

pg 20

Mediastinum

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Includes upper abdominal & lower pelvic portion

Abdominal cavity:
* Viscera found within (stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small/large intestine)

Pelvic cavity:
* Portion enclosed by pelvic bones
* Contains terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, & internal reproductive organs

pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10

Abdominopelvic Cavity

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What are 4 other small cavities located w/in the head?

pg 20

Oral cavity: Teeth, tounge

Nasal cavity: Connecting several air-filled sinuses (Fig 7.21 pg 225)

Orbital cavity: Eyes, skeletal muscle, & nerves

Middle ear cavities: Middle ear bone

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Line the walls of thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities & folds back to cover organs w/in cavities
* Secrete slippery serous fluid

parieal layer:
* Outer layer
* Lines wall of the thoracic & abdominopevlic cavity

Visceral layer:
* Inner layer
* Covers organs

Examples:
* Visceral & parieal Pleura: Around lungs in thorax
* Visceral & parieal pericardium: Around heart in thorax
* Visceral & parieal Peritoneum: Around abd.pelvi organs

pg 20 & notes

Serous membranes

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Distinguish the difference between parietal & visceral peritoneum.

pg 20

Parietal peritoneum: Lines the wall of the abdoninopelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum: Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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Major organs include:
* Skin
* Hair
* Nails
* Sweat glands
* Sebaceous glands

Major function:
* Protects tissues
* Regulates body temp
* Suppory sensory receptors

pg 26 Table 1.3

Integumentary system

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Major organs include:
* Bones
* Ligaments
* Cartilages

Major function:
* Provide frame work
* Protect soft tissue
* Provide attachements for muscles
* Produce blood cells
* Store Inorganic salts

pg 26 Table 1.3

Skeletal System

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Major organs include:
* Muscles

Major function:
* Causes movement
* Maintains posture
* Produce body heat

pg 26 Table 1.3

Muscular system

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Major organs include:
* Brain
* Spinal cord
* Nerves
* Sense organs

Major function:
* Detects changes
* Receives & interperates info
* Stimulates muscles & glands

pg 26 Table 1.3

Nervous system

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Major organs include: (Glands that secrete hormones)
* Pituitary gland
* Thyroid gland
* Parathyroid gland
* Adrenal gland
* Pineal gland
* Pancreas
* Ovaries/testes
* Thymus

Major function:
* Control metabolic activities of bodies structure

pg 26 Table 1.3

Endocrine system

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Major organs include:
* Heart
* Arteries
* Capillaries
* Veins

Major function:
* Move blood through blood vessels
* Transport substances throughout body

pg 26 Table 1.3

Cardiovascular system

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Major organs include:
* Lymphiatic vessels
* Lymph nodes
* Thymus
* Spleen

Major function:
* Returne tissue fluid from blood
* Carry certain absorbed food molecules
* Defend body against infection

pg 26 Table 1.3

Lymphatic system

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Major organs include:
* Mouth, tounge, teeth
* Salivary glands
* Pharynx
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Pancreas
* Small/Large intestine

Major function:
* Recieve/breakdown/absorb food
* Eliminate unabsorbed material

pg 26 Table 1.3

Digestive system

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Major organs include:
* Nasal cavity
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Lungs

Major function:
* I/O of air
* Gas exchange between air & blood

pg 26 Table 1.3

Resp. system

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Major organs include:
* Kidneys
* Ureters
* Bladder
* Urethra

Major function:
* Remove waste from blood
* Maintain water & electrolyte balance
* Store/eliminate urine

pg 26 Table 1.3

Urinary system

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**Major organs include**: * **Male**: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbouretgral glands, urethra, penis * **Female**: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva **Major function**: * **Males**: Produce/maintain/transfer sperm * **Female**: Produce/maintain *oocytes (female sex cells)*, receive sperm, support development of embryo, birth process ## Footnote pg 26 Table 1.3

Reproductive system

What are the definitions of the following positions? Superior Inferior Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proxial Distal Superficial Deep

**Superior**: Above **Inferior**: Below **Anterior/Ventral**: Toward front **Posterior/Dorsal**: Toward back **Medial**: Toward midline **Lateral**: Away from midline **Bilateral**: Paired structures on both sides **Ipsilateral**: Same side **Contralateral**: Opposite sides **Proxial**: Close to trunk **Distal**: Away from trunk **Superficial**: Close to body surface **Deep**: More internal

Describe how a patient would look in anatomical position?

Standing erect / facing forward Upper limbs at sides w/ palms facing forward

**Define each body section/ plane:** Sagittal section: Midsagittal /median: Paraagittal: Transverse / Horizontal section: Coronal / frontol section:

**Sagittal section**: Longituted cut diving body into L & R portions **Midsagittal /median**: Divides body into L & R **Parasagittal**: Divides body into unequal L & R portions * Sagittal section lateral to midline **Transverse / Horizontal section**: Divides body into superior & inferior parts **Coronal / frontol section**: Longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior & porterior portions

What 2 things make up all body fluids?

Water & electrolytes

What are the structure of matter?

**Matter**: Anything that has weight & takes up space * Composed of elements **Elements**: Compose of chemically identical atoms **Atoms**: Smallest particle of an element * *Protons (p+)*: Positive charge, in nucleus * *Neutrons (n0)*: No charge / neutral, in nucleus * *Electrons (e-)*: Negative charge, on outside rings **Nucleus:** Central part of atom * composed of protons & neutrons * Electrons move around

T/F: Nucleus contains protons ## Footnote Pg 62

True

T/F: The number of electrons equals the number or neutrons ## Footnote Pg 62

FALSE: **The number of electrons equals the number or Protons** *TIP:* This means a complete atom has no net charge & is electronically neutral

What are common forms of elements? What are elements found in the human body? ## Footnote pg 60

**Common forms: (Compounds)** * Aluminum * Iron * Silver, gold, copper * C/H/O2 **Found in the human body: (Bulk elements)** * C/H/O2 * Nitrogen * Sulfur * Phosphorus

What is the difference between an atomic number & a mass number? ## Footnote pg 62

**Atomic number**: Number of protons in nucleus of specific element * Upper number **Mass number**: Number of protons plus neutrons in one atom * Electrons do not contribute to mass of atom bc they are too light * Lower number **Example of atomic number**: *Hydrogen (H):* * Has **1 proton** = **Atomic number of 1** *Carbon (C):* * Has **6 protons** = **Atomic number of 6**

Electronically charged atom that gains/loses electrons in order to become stable

Ion

Positively charged ion Formed when atom loses electrons Attract anions to create a 3D structure ## Footnote pg 66

Cation

Negatively charges ion Formed when atoms gains electrons Attract cations to create a 3D structure

Anion

Strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite charge attract *3 steps*: 1. Transfer of an electron to form ion 2. Positive & negative ions are attracted to each other 3. Formation of bond

Ionic bond

Chemical bond formed between atoms that shared electrons * Strong chemical bonds *Examples*: * Hydrogen (H) can combine to create a molecule = (H2) * Hydrogen molecule (H2) often combines w/ oxygen (O2) molecule = H2O

Covelent bond

What is the maximun number of electrons that can be placed on each of the 3 rings of an *electron shell (space encircling neucleus)*?

Max: 18 *First shell*: 2 electrons *Second shell*: 8 electrons *Third shell*: 8 electrons

Elements present & number of each atom present in the molecule Examples: * Hydrogen molecule = H2 * Water molecule = H2O

Molecular formulas

What is the Molecular formula for glucose?

**C**6**H**12**O**6

What is the difference between a molecule & a compound?

**Molecule:** Particle formed when 2 or more atoms are chemically combined **Compound:** Particle formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements are chemically combined

Atoms share electrons equally Exist between atoms of the same element Attraction to electrons is based on the size of the nucleus (**electronegativity**) * The bigger the nucleus, the more electronegative an atom is * Atoms of same size have same size nucleus & need equal "pull" of electrons C & H atoms also form Examples found in carbon dioxide & most carbon-hydrogen bonds ## Footnote pg 67

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Electrons are not shared equally * *More electrons are one end of the molecule making that end slightly negative, while the other end is slightly positive* Usually form where hydrogen atoms bond to & oxygen to nitrogen atoms *Example*: Water (H2O) ## Footnote pg 67-68

Polar covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds are important for what 2 structures?

Protein Nucleic acids

Form / break bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules **Reactants**: Starting materials of reaction * The atom, ion, or molecule **Products**: Substances formed at the end of reactions ## Footnote pg 68

Chemical reaction

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions and how are they different? ## Footnote pg 68-69

**Synthesis reaction:** * 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules formed to make a more complex structure * *Particularly important in growth of body parts & repair worn/damaged tissue* * **Symbolized : A+B = AB** **Decomposition reaction:** * Chemical bonds broken to form simpler atoms, ions, or molecules * *Digests nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream of the small intestines* * **Symbolized : AB = A+B**

what are the 3 types of electolytes & their characteristics?

**Acid**: Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) * Carbonic acid * Hydrochloric acid * Acetic acid * Phosphoric acid **Base**: Substance that releases ions that can combine w/ hydrogen ions * Sodium hydroxied * Potassium hydroxide * Magnesium hydroxide * Sodium bicarb (HCO3) **Salt**: Substance formed by the reaction between an acid & a base * Sodium chloride * Aluminum chloride * Magnesium sulfate

A system that tracts the number of decimal places in a hydrogen ion concentration * Extends from 0-14 **As hydrogen ions increase, the pH decreases** Blood is normally slightly more alkaline Illness can result when pH chnges **Normal: 7.35-7.45** **Acidic/ Acidosis: < 7.35** * *Makes one feel disoriented & fatigued* * Breathing may become difficult * *Can result from diarrhea, severe vomiting, diabetes, lung & kidney disease* **Alkalemia/ Alkalosis: > 7.45** * *Makes one feel agitated & dizzy* * *Caused by breathing rapidly at high altitudes, too many antiacids, high fever, anxiety, mild-mod vomiting* ## Footnote pg 70-71

pH scale

Chemical systems that resist pH change Has the **ability to maintain pH** by combining w/ hydrogen ions when they are in excess or donating hydrogen **Common systemin blood: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system** ## Footnote pg 71

Buffer

How does the hydrogen ion concentrate compare between a solution as pH 6.4 & a solution of pH 8.4?

The solution 6.4 has 100x the hydrogen ion concetration of a solution at pH 8.4

What are 2 general types of chemicals, including those that take part in **metabolism (cell energy reaction)**? ## Footnote pg 71

Organic Inorganic

Compounds that **have carbon & hydrogen** Have *long chain/ring structures* that can form because of carbon atoms ability to form 4 covalent bonds **Many organic compouds dissolve in water (polar)** * **Most that dissolve in water do not release ions (AKA nonelectrolytes)** **Most dissolve in organic liquids (ether/alcohol) (Nonpolar)** ## Footnote pg 71

Organic compounds

What are examples of organic compounds? ## Footnote pg 84

**Carbs** * Provide main energy supply built of simple sugars **Proteins** * *Serve as structural materials, energy source, hormones, cell surface receptors, antibodies, & enzymes that speed chemical reactions w/o being consume* **Lipids** * Triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, & steroids **Nucleic acids** * The instructions that control activities, & direct protein synthesis

Provide main energy supply built of simple sugars * Diet 60% carbs, 30% fat,10% protein * Water soluable Contain hydrogen (H), carbon (C), & oxygen (O) * Ratio H to O is 2:1 (**C**6**H**12**O**6 = glucose) * Size classification: * **Monosaccharides**: *Single sugars - Glucose, Fructose* * **Disaccharides**: *Double sugars - Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)* * **Polysaccharides**: *Complex sugars (3+) - Starch, glycogen, **cellulose (humans cannot digest - considered dietary fiber)*** * Abundant in plants

Carbs (Organic compound)

*Serve as **structural materials, energy source, hormones, cell surface receptors/ wound healing**, antibodies, & enzymes that speed chemical reactions w/o being consume* * Use as last resort **Building blocks = Amino acids** * Held together w/ peptide bonds **3D structure (conformations), primary source is amino acid sequence** * Can be **Denaturea (changes in 3D shape by breaking bonds - caused by heat/ extreme pH)**

Proteins (Organic compound)

Important component of cell membranes w/ several functions * Supply energy used to build cell parts * ***Triglycerides (fats - most abundant)**, phospholipids, & steroids* * *Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents* **Building blocks of triglycerides: 1 Glycerol, & 3 fatty acids** * Used for cellular energy (more engery per g than carbs) * Contains C, H, & O bu has less O than carbs **Building blocks of phospholipids: 1 Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, Phosphate group** * Similar to triglycerides **Steroids include 4 rings of carbon atoms & are synthesized in body from cholesterol** * Component of cell membrane * Used to synthosize the adrenal & sex hormone

Lipids (Organic compound)

Carry genetic code (DNA) & direct protein synthesis (RNA) Encode amino acid sequence of protein **Building blocks: Nucleotides** * Consists of sugars (S), phosphate group (P), & organic bse (B) **2 types**: * DNA: Store information used to construct proteins * RNA: Help body synthesize proteins

Nucleic acids (Organic compound)

What is the difference between *Deoxyribonucleic acid* **(DNA)** & *Ribonucleic acid* **(RNA)**? ## Footnote pg 84

**Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)**: * Store **genetic code** -replicated w/ an exact copy of original cells DNA * **Contains sugar deoxyribose** * Composed of nucleotides * **Double helix - (ATCGAT)** **Ribonucleic acid (RNA)**: * Interacts w/ DNA to conduct **protein synthesis** * **Contains sugar ribose** * Composed of nucleotides * **Single stranded - (AUCGAU)**

Do not contain hydrogen (H) & carbon (C) Usually dissolve in water & **dissociate forming ions (Electrolytes)** Common compound substances sfound in the cell are water (H2O), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxied (CO2), & **inorganic salts (HCO3-, CL-, K+, ect)**

Inorganic compound

Most abundant compound in living material Medium for metabolic reactions Important role for transportation * Important *soluvent (dissolves things)* * Polar water molecules seperate in soluvent Can absorb & transport heat

Water (Inorganic compound)

Used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities * Necessary for survival *Blood carries Bicarb (HCO3-) to resp. organs*

Oxygen (Inorganic compound)

When is carbon dioxied released? How is carbon dioxied removed

**Released** during metabolic reactions **Removed** through exhalation

What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?

**Saturated fats:** * Have* **single** carbon-carbon bond* * Most are ***solid** at room temp* * *Most are **animal** orgin* * **Every H has a C** * Can raise LDL * **Ex: Beef, pork, eggs, coconut oil, ect** **Unsaturated fats:** * Have *1+ carbon-carbon **double** bond* * Most are ***liquid** at room temp* * *Most are **plant** orgin* * **Not every H has a C** * **Examples: Vegetable oils, nuts, fish, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated**

Anatomy Flashcards

(65 cards)