Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MRCS - ENT Nov > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

divisions of posterior triangle of neck?

A

occipital triangle
subclavian/supraclavicular triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which nerves are at risk in submandibular gland nerve surgery

A

nerve to mylohyoid
marginal mandibular
lingual
hypoglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where to make incision for submandibular gland surgery

A

2cm/finger breadths below ramus mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia encase

A

SCM
trapezius
forms parotid sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 layers of deep cervical fascia

A

investing layer
pretracheal
prevertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nerves at risk during surgery in carotid triangle

A

hypoglossal
superior laryngeal
great auricular
superior fibres of ansa cervacalis
lingual nerve
hypoglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia encase

A

strap muscles
trachea
oesophagus
thyroid
parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the prevertebral fascia encase

A

spinal cord
vertebrae
paravertebral muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the anterior border of the prevertebral fascia known as and what does it form?

A

alar fascia
forms the posterior border of retropharyngeal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

borders of the retropharyngeal space

A

anteriorly buccipharyngeal fascia
laterally carotid sheaths
posteriorly prevertebral fascia
superiorly base of skull
inferiorly superior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the buccopharyngeal fascia also known as

A

posterior border of pretracheal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is carotid sheath formed from

A

all 3 layers of deep cervical fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

axillary sheath is formed from?

A

prevertebral fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

label

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the path of tear production and drainage

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

emrbyologically where do muscles of facial expression arise from

A

mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal/branchial arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

consequences of buccinator muscle paralysis

A

food accumulation in the vestibule of mouth
patient cannot blow or whistle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the sensory innervation of the face

A

3 divisions of trigeminal nerve
small part of angle of mandible is supplied by greater auricular nerve from ventral rami of C2,3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does the facial nerve leave the cranial cavity

A

via stylomastoid foramen, winds down lateral aspect of styloid process and enters parotid gland to give off 5 terminal branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

list branches cervical part of facial artery

A

ascending palatine
tonsillar
glandular (to submandibular gland)
submental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

list the branches of facial part of facial artery

A

lateral nasal
angular
superior labial
inferior labial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where can pulsations of the facial artery be felt

A

base of mandible at anteroinferior angle of masseter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is external jugular vein formed

A

union of posterior division of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

list the branches of the ECA

A

superior thyroid
lingual
facial
ascending pharyngeal
occipital
posterior auricular
maxillary
superficial temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
what does ansa cervicalis supply
all infrahyoid muscles except thyrohyoid (which is supplied by c1)
23
how many branches come from subclavian artery and what are they
4 vertebral internal thoracic thyrocervical trunk costocervical trunk (on left side only from 1st part of subclavian, on right side comes from 2nd part of subclavian)
24
what does the term masking mean in audiology
It means presenting a constant noise to the non-test ear. It is done to prevent non-test ear from detecting the sound presented to the test ear by crossover.
25
26
27
spinal level of hyoid bone
C3
28
Spinal level of cricoid
C6
29
USS grading of thyroid
30
FNA grading thyroid
thy1 - non diagnostic thy 2- benign thy3a - possible atypia/non diagnostic --> repeat US FNA thy3f - possible follicular --> hemithyroidectomy thy 4 - suspicious --> diagnostic hemithyroidectomy thy 5 - malignant --> total thyroidectomy
31
autoantibodies associated with hashimotos
anti-TPO
32
autoantibodies associated with graves
anti TSH
33
34
causes of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
35
secondary hyperparathyroidism cause
chronic renal failure vit d deficiency
36
tertiary hyperparathyroidism
end stage renal failure
37
men 1 components
pituitary adenoma parathyroid hyperplasia pancreatic tumours
38
men2a components
parathyroid hyperplasia medullary thyroid ca phaeochromocytoma
39
men2b components
mucosal neuroma marfanoid body habitus medullary thyroid ca phaeochromocytoma
40
investigations of hypopharyngeal ca
uss +/- fna CT/MRI panendo and biopsy CTPET
41
treatment of lichen planus
steroid mouthwash
42
management of leukoplakia
biopsy
43
most likely composition of submandibular stones
ca hydroxyapetite
44
45
laryngeal injury classification name and description
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
4 muscular attachments of mastoid process
stenocleidomastoid splenius capitis posterior belly digastric to digastric groove/fossa longissimus capitis muscle
53
where do the styloid process and its attachments develop from
second branchial arch
54
what are the 3 muscular and 2 ligamentous attachments to the styloid apparatus called
55
tracheostomy safety
A spare tube of identical size, plus the size below and a tracheostomy dilator must always be available at the bedside in case a quick change is necessary. A cuffed tube should be available in the event of an emergency when a cuffed tube may be needed for ventilation.
56
4 indications for a tracheostomy
airway osbtruction protection of airway e.g. neurological disease reduce dead space to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation as part of another procedure e.g. laryngectomy
57
what is trousseaus tracheal dilator used for
open tracheostoma to reinsert tube
58
what is a cricoid hook used for
allows anterior displacement of trachea
59
middle ear cavity boundaries
laterally - TM supriorly - skull base medially - inner ear inferiorly - jugular bulb posteriorly - mastoid cavity anteriorly - ICA, eustachian tube
60
what is the anterior boundary of the external ear
TMJ
61
u - umbo of malleus m - manibrium of malleus sp - lateral process of malleus n - neck of malleus fn - facial nerve isj - incudostapedial joint - where lenticular process of incus articulates with stapedial tendon pe - pyramid hy - hypotympanum fi -finiculus sst - sinus tympani se - styloid eminence pr - promontory jn - jacobsens nerve (runs on pulmontary) ttm - tensor tympani ttf - tensor tympani fossa
62
middle ear sensation?
glossopharyngeal nerve
63
sensation to medial part of TM?
glossopharyngeal nerve
64
sensation to lateral surface of TM
nervus intermedius - branch of facial nerve also the vagus nerve
65
sensation to EAC
nervus intermedius - branch of facial nerve auriculotemporal nerve - branch of trigeminal nerve
66
sensation to pinna
lesser occipital nerve C2/C3 (upper pinna) greater auricular nerve C2,C3 (lower pinna)
67
1 - superior SCC 2 - ampulla to SCC 3 - ampulla to lateral SCC 4 - utricle 5 - cochlea 6 - helicotrema - where scala vetibulae meets scala tympani 7 - lateral SCC 8 - posterior SCC 9 - ampulla to posteior SCC 10 - oval window 11 - round window 12 - scala vestibuli (attaches to oval window) 13 - Scala tympani (attaches to round window) 14 - utricle
68
where is the inner ear located
within petrous temporal bone
69
blood supply to inner ear
labyrinthine artery from anterior cerebellar/superior cerebellar/basillar artery
70
describe the vestibule
houses the utricle and saccule
71
how does the saccule connect to the scala media
connects to scala media/cochlear duct via ductus reuniens
72
how is endolymph drained
by endolymphatic sac which connects to utricle and saccule via vestibular aqueduct
73
what are the turns of the cochlea called
basal middle apical
74
what is the modiolus
the conical central axis around which the cochlea spirals
75
Describe the mechanism of hearing
sound waves focussed through pinna and EAC vibrations of TM are transmitted via ossicles stapes creates vibrations of perilymph via oval window which acts as a seal between scala vestibuli and middle ear scala vestibuli (vestibular duct) meets scala tympani (tympanic duct) at the helicotrema within the apical turn of the cochlea. The round window is closed to seal off scala tympani from middle ear i.e. prevent sound from escaping. vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted across the basilar membrane the organ of corti is the specialised sensory epithelium overlying the basilar membrane, inner hair cells transduce auditory vibrations into action potentials via mechanical action on their sterocilia Action potentials are transmitted across nerve endings of cochlear part of vestibulocochlear nerve, passing via spiral ganglion and auditory pathway to reach auditory cortex
76
describe the ascending and descending auditory pathways
ascending - as in photo descending - efferent fibres travelling from brain to cochlea/cochlear nuclei
77
78
nerve supply to nose (sensory)
infraorbital nerve external nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve infratrochlear nerve
79
which sinuses drain into the osteomeatal complex and what is this also known as
frontal maxillary anterior ethmoidal MIDDLE MEATUS
80
where does the tear duct drain into
inferior meatus
81
3 sensory inputs for balance
proprioception (muscles) vision (eye) vestibule (ear)
82
borders of parotid gland
superiorly - inferior 2/3 of zygomatic arch anteriorly - anterior border of masseter inferiorly - inferior border of mandible posteriorly - SCM and external ear
83
surface marking of parotid duct
middle 1/3 of a line between the tragus of the ear and midway between ala of nose and angle of mouth
84
what is the parotid fascia made up from
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
85
what is the parotid fascia sensory innervation supplied by
auriclotemporal nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve)
86
what is the nerve for secretomotor function of parotid gland
lesser petrosal nerve from glossopharyngeal nerve
87
layers overlying parotid gland
88
list 5 benign parotid tumours
pleomorphic adenoma warthins tumour lymphangioma haemangioma neurofibroma
89
list malignant tumours of parotid
adenoid cystic carcinoma adenocarcinoma undifferentiated carcinoma lymphoma

MRCS - ENT Nov (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions