Anatomy Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Two types of join in lumbar spine and classification
A
Intervertebral- synathrosis secondary cartilaginous
Facets- diathrosis triaxial plane joint
2
Q
Movements and RoM of lumbar spine
A
Flexion 40-60
Extension 20-35
Sidebend 15-20
Rotation 3-18
3
Q
Muscles that cause movements in lumbar spine
A
Flexion- rec abdominus, psoas major and minor, illiacus
Extension- erector spinae, QL, multifidus
Side bend- erector spinae, ext obliques, QL
Rotation- rotatores, multifidus, ext + int obliques, transverse abs
4
Q
Flat and vertical muscles in abs
A
Flat- T abs, int + ext obliques
Vertical- rectus abs, pyrimdialis
5
Q
Features of lumbar vertebrae
A
Prominent sp
Large triangular foremen
Large kidney shape body
Long tp
90° saggital facets
6
Q
Typical T spine and their features
A
T2-8/9
Medium heart shaped body
Circular narrower foramen
Long slender sp points inferior
2 Demi facets uni laterally on the body for rib head
Rough tp because of costal facets for rib tubercle
60° coronal facet orientation
7
Q
A typical ribs and why they are a typical
A
T1- one whole facet for rib one and a Demi facet
T10- one entire facet no Demi facets
T11+12- one entire facet and no facet on tp
8
Q
Typical ribs and features
A
Rib 3-9
Head-2 Demi facets for vertebrae
Neck- 2 tubercles, articulatory and non
Body- costal groove for nerves and blood vessels
9
Q
A typical ribs and why
A
1- only 1 facet- short and thick
2*- normal but thinner and longer
10- only one facet no Demi facets
11+12- whole facet no articular tubercle- floating
10
Q
Joints and classification in T spine
A
Costovertebral- synovial plane
Costotransverse- synovial plane
Intervertebral - secondary cartilaginous
Facet- synovial plane 60° coronal
11
Q
Different rib motions
A
Rib 1-5 is pump handle- up down
Rib6-10 is bucket handle- up down on arc
Rib11-12 is calliper- out in
12
Q
Primary and secondary respiratory muscles
A
Primary- diaphragm
Secondary- intercostal muscles
13
Q
Movements in T spine and RoM
A
Flexion 20-45
Extension 25-45
Sidebend 20-40
Rotation- 35-50
14
Q
Muscles that create movement in t spine
A
Flexion- rec ab , int + ext obliques
Extension- erector spinae, semispinalis dorsi, QL
Side bend- erector spinae, QL, int obliques
Rotation- erector spinae, int + ext obliques
15
Q
Typical cerviacal vertebrae and their features
A
Bifid spinous process
Mid triangular foramen
Small tp with foramen in them
Saddle shaped vertebral body
16
Q
Atypical c spine and features
A
C1- no vert body, no sp, anterior tubercle
C2- Aldontoid peg
C7- sp longer and not bifid
17
Q
Types of joint in c spine and classification
A
Intervertabral- cartilaginous secondary
Uncovertabral- functional protects vertebral artery
Facets - plane
Atlantoaxial- medial- pivot, lateral- plane.
Atlantooccipital- condyloid
18
Q
Movements and RoM in cervical
A
Flexion 50-70
Extension 70-80
Side bend 20-40
Rotation 70-90
19
Q
Muscles that cause movements in c spine
A
Flexion- SCM, longus coil, longus capitus, ant scalenes
Extension- lev scap, traps, erector spinae, rec cap post major +minor
Side bend- erector spinae, scalenes, SCM, traps,
Rotation- ant scalenes, multifidus, SCM, splenius capitus, splenius cervicus
20
Q
shoulder joints and their classification
A
glenohumoral- triaxial ball and socket
ac joint- plane
sternoclavicular- saddle joint
21
Q
movements and range of motion at shoulder
A
flexion-160-180
extension- 50-60
abduction-170-180
adduction-50-75
external rotation80-90
internal rotation- 70-90
22
Q
muscles that create movement at the shoulder
A
flexion- anterior deltoid, pec major, biceps brachii, coracoidbrachialis
extension- posterior deltoid, terres major, lat dorsi
adduction- pec major, terres major, lat dorsi
abduction- deltoid- supraspinatus, traps, serratus anterior
internal rotation- subscapularis, terres major, lat dorsi, pec major, anterior deltoid
external rot- infraspinatus, terres minor
23
Q
what muscles are on the rotator cuff
A
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, terres minor
24
Q
athrology of elbow- jointts and classification
A
humoral ulnar joint- uniaxial hinge
radial humeral joint- uniaxial pivot that allows hinge movements
proximal radial ulnar joint- pivot joint
25
Movements and RoM at the elbow
Flexion- 150
extension 0-10
supination 90
pronation 80-90
26
muscles that create movment at elbow
flexion- biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
extension- triceps brachii, anconeus
supination- biceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator
pronation- pronator teres, pronator quadratus, flexor carpi radialis
27
athrology in wrist and joint classification
radial carpel joint- condyloid joint biaxial
mid carpel joint-condyloid joint
distal radio ulnar- uniaxial pivot
28
movments and range of motion at the wrist
flexion- 80-90
extension 70-90
ulna deviation 30
radial deviation 15-20
29
muscles that create movements at the wrist
flexion- flexor carpi radialis + ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis + profundus, palmaris longus
extension- extensor carpi radialis longus + brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi
ulna deviation- flexor carpi ulnaris extensor carpi ulnaris
radial deviation- flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
30
pollicis muscles
oponens pollicis- moves 1st digit to 5th
abductor pollicics brevis and longus
flexor pollicis longus and brevis
extensor polliscis longus and brevis
31
5th digit muscles
oponens digiti minimi- moves pinky to thumb
abductor digiti minimi
extensor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
32
where is the thenar and hypothenar
thenar is the flesh pad by the thumb
hypothenar- fleshy pad by pinky
33
what do interossi and lumbrical muscles do
interossei- dorsal (top of hand) abduct fingers
palmer (palm) adduct fingers
lumbricals- flex mcp joint and extend IP joint
34
what muslces are on the common flexor tendon and extensor tendon
extension- extensor carpi radialis longus + brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi
flexion- flexor carpi radialis + ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, palmaris longus
35
landmarks of the illium
ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, pecteneal line, illiac fossa, illiac crest, acetabulum,
36
landmarks of the pubis
pubic tubercle, obturator foramen, pubic rami
37
landmarks of the ischium scarum and coccyx
ischium- ischial spine
scarum and coccyx- sciatic foramen
38
proximal femur landmarks
head of femur, neck of femur, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric crest, gluteal tuberosity, pectineal line, linear aspera
39
athrology of the hip and pelvis
femoral acetabular- triaxial ball and socket
pubic symphis- secondary cartelagenous
sacro illiac joint- plane joint
40
Movements and RoM in the hip
flexion- 110-120
extension- 10-15
abduction 30- 50
adduction 30
int rot- 30-40
ext rot 40-60
41
muscles that create RoM at the hip
flexion- rec fem, psoas', illiacus, sartorius, pectineus
extension- glute max, semitendenousis, semimembrinosus, glute med, piriformis
abduction- glute min, TFL, glute med, piriformis
adduction- adductor longus,brevis,magnus,pectineus,gracialis
int rot- glute med, glute min, TFL
ext rot- Glute max, piriformis, biceps fem, obturator, gemilli, quadratus fem, sartorious
42
landmarks of the knee- distal femur
medial and lateral condyle and epicondyle, intercondylar fossa, patella groove, adductor tubercle, medial lateral supracondylar lines
43
knee land mark proximal tibia
lateral and medial condyle, intercondylar emminence, lateral and medial tibial plateu, gerdys tubercle, tibial tuberosity, soleul line
44
landmarks of proximal fibula
apex, head, articular facet, neck, medial lateral and anterior borders.
45
athrology of the knee
tibio femoral joint- hinge
patellofemoral joint- plane
tibiofibural joint- plane
interosseous membrane- syndesmosis
46
movements and range of motions
of the knee
p.s. you smell weird
flexion 135
extension- 0-15
internal rotation 20-30
external rot 30-40
47
muscles that create movement at the knee
flexion- semimembrinosis, semitendinosis, biceps femoris, graciallis, popliteus
extension- rec fem, vastus lat, med, inter, sartorius
int rot- sartorius, popliteus, gracilius, semimembranosis, semitendinosis
ext rot- biceps femoris LH SH
48
how many bones, joints and ligaments are there in the foot
26 bones
33 joints
112 ligaments
49
distal tibia and fibula landmarks
tibia- medial malleolus, malleolar groove
fibula- fibula notch, lateral malleolus, malleolar groove, malleolar fossa.
50
tarsel landmarks
talus, calcanues and tuberosity, cuboid and tuberosity, navicular, medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform, styloid proces of 5th MT
lateral medial tubercle on talus, sustentacululm tali, navicular tuberosity
51
athrology of ankle and foot
distal tib fib- syndesmosis
talocrural joint- uniaxial hinge
talocalcaneal joint- triaxial plane
mid tarsel joint- split into two sections
talocalcanealnavicular joint- ball and socket
calcanealcuboid joint- biaxial modified saddle
52
what movements at the ankle are often paired with each other
plantar flexion + inversion = supination
dorsiflexion + eversion = pronation
53
movements and RoM of the ankle
plantarflexion 50
dorsiflexion 20
inversion 30
eversion 20
54
muscles that create movement at the ankle
plantarflexion- soleus, gastronemeus, tibialis posterior, plantaris, flexor halucius longus, flexor digitorum longus
dorsiflexion- tibialis anterior, extensor halucius and digitorum longus.
inversion- tib anterior and posterior, flexor halucius and digitorum longus, extensor halucious longus
eversion- peronious longus, brevis, tertius, extensor digitorum longus
55
hallucius and 5th digit muscles
flexor hallucis longus and brevis
extensor hallucius longus and brevis
adductor hallucius
abductor hallucius
flexor digiti minimi brevis
abductor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi
56
what do the lumbricals and interossei muscles do in the foot
they flex and adduct the mtp joints and extend the IP joints
plantar interosssei flex and adduct 3,4,5 mtp joints and extend 2,3,4 IP joints
doral interossei flex and abduct mtp joints and extend IP joints
57
different bones of the skull
Frontal bone, parietal bone, sphenoid bone, temporal bone, occipital bone.
ethmoid bone- only visible laterally behind nose
58
pnumonic for cranial nerves and the nerves
OOO - olfactory - smelling
OOO - optic- vision
OOO - oculomotor- eye movements
TO- trochlear - eye movements
TOUCH - trigeminal - sensory and movement in the face
AND- abducens- eye movement
FEEL - facial- movement and taste
VERY- vestibulochoclear- hearing and balance
GOOD- glossopharyngeal- throat movements and taste
VAG- vagus- visceral control
AA- accesory- movement of head and neck
HHHH- hypoglossal- movement of tongue and lower throat
59
athrology of the skull
saggital
coronal - all synathrotic fibrous sutures
labdoid
60
tmj athrology and parts of the joint
condylar hinge joint
disc
lateral ligament
retrodiscal pad
61
myology of the TMJ and the movments the muscles create
Opening- lateral ptrygoids, digastric
closing- temporalis, masseter, medial ptrygoids
deviation- masseter and temporalis (ipsilaterally) medial and lateral pterygoid (contralaterally)
retraction- temporalis
protraction- lateral pterygoids
62
osteology of the skull
frontal bone, ethmoid bone- posterior to nose, sphenoid bone- anterior to temporal, occipital bone, temporal bone, parietal bone
63
osteological landmarks of the occiput
external occipital protuberance, nuchal lines, mastoid and styloid process
64
facial osteology
lacrimal- tear ducts- zygoma, nasal, maxilia- top part of jaw, mandible- lower jaw, sphenoid- posterior to eyes
65
osteology of the ear and purpose
stabes malleus incus- vibrations of these bones create noise that help us hear
66
foramen that cranial nerves exit via
cribriform plate- olefactory (I)
optic canal- optic nerve(II)
superior orbital fissure- oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), ophthalmic (trigeminal) (V), abducens (VI)
Foramen rotundum- maxillary (trigeminal) (V)
Foramen Ovale- madibular (trigeminal) (V)
internal acoustic meatus- Facial (VII), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Jugular foramen- Glosopharangeal (IX), Vagus (X), accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal canal- hypoglossal (XII)
67
Other foramen in the skull and their contents
Foramen lancerum- deep petrosal nerve or autonomic nervous system
stylomastoid foramen- facial nerve
foramen magnum- medulla oblongata, vertabral arteries
foramen spinosum- menengial branch of mandibular nerve
68
arthrology of the skull
all sutures and fuse at around 20
synarthrosis fibrous sutures
coronal- across
sagital - long
lambdoid - triangle on back
69
athrology of TMJ
synovial condylar hinge
articular disk splits joint in inferior and superior cavities
70
components of the arthrology of the tmj
Disc
retro-discal pad
lateral ligament
71
connective tissue in cerviacal spine and what movement it limits
nuchal ligament- flexion
PLL- flexion
interspinous ligament- flexion
ALL- extension
Ligamentum flavum- more elastin so very elastic- flexion
Tectoral membrane + accessory- flexion
superior longitutinal band (cruciate)+
inferior band longitudinal band (cruciate)- hyperflexion and extension
alar lig- rotation and side bend
transverse ligament- anterior displacement of c1
apical lig- posterior displacement of dens
anterior atlanto occipital membrane- excessive posterior movement
posterior atlanto occipital membrane- excessive antrior movement
anterior atlanto axial ligament- extension of c1,2
72
cervical discs composition and herniation %
herniation 10%
nucleus pulposus- made up of 80% water and is key for strength and flexibility
annulus fibrosus- 25 layers of collagen, grain is orientated on different planes for strength and shock absorption
73
cervical bursa
interspinous bursa between c6-7
74
all supra hyoids
digastric
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
75
all infrahyoids
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
76
anterior triangle and contents
superior- mandible
medial- saggital line
lateral scm
contents: common carotid, internal/external carotid
internal jugular vein
submental lymphnodes
pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid glands
facial, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
77
carotid triangle
superior- posterior belly of digastric
inferior- superior belly of omohyoid
lateral- SCM
common carotid- internal/external carotid
internal jugular vein
vagus, glossopharangeal, hypoglossal
78
submental triangal
medial- saggital line
lateral- anterior belly of digastric
inferior hyoid
submental lymphnodes
79
submandibular triangle
superior- mandible
anterior- anterior belly of digastric
posterior- posterior belly of digastric
submandibular lymphnodes
submandibular salivary glands
hypoglossal nerve
80
muscular triangle
superior- hyoid
medial- midline
superior lateral- superior omohyoid
inferior lateral- SCM
pharynx, thyroid,parathyroid
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
81
posterior triangle
anterior- SCM
inferior- clavicle
posterior- trapezius
subclavian artery
external jugular vein, subclavian vein
supraclavicular lymphnodes
cervical plexus, phrenic nerve, trunks of brachial plexus, accessory nerve
82
occipital triangle
Anterior- SCM
inferior Omohyoid
Posterior- trapezius
external jugular vein
accessory nerve, trunks of brachial plexus
83
supraclavicular triangle
anterior- SCM
posterior- omohyoid
inferior- Clavicle
subclavian artery
subclavian vein
supraclavicular lymph nodes
brachial plexus roots/ trunks, phrenic nerve
84
cervical plexus
C1- geniohyoid and thyrohyoid- rectus capitus anterior and lateralis
C1,2,3- ansa cerviicalis- omohyoid, sternohyoid and sternothyroid- longus capitus
C3,4- lev scap
C3,4,5- phrenic nerve
C4,5,6- anterior and middle scalenes
C6,7,8- Posterior scalenes
85
what are the 5Ds 3Ns and 1A
medical red flags
Dizziness, diplopia (double vision),Dysarthria (trouble speaking), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), Drop attacks
Nausea, Numbness, Nystagmus (involuntary rhythmic eye movements
Ataxia- poor co-ordination balance and speach
86
purpose of internal and external carotid artery
ICA- blood to the brain
ECA- blood to face scalp and neck
87
Role of internal and external jugular vein
IJV- drains from brain, face, neck to subclavian vein to brachiocephalic to vena cava
EJV- face, scalp, neck to subclavian vein
88
osteological landmarks of sternum
jugular notch- middle top
clavicular notch
manubrium- middle top
sternal angle
body
xiphoid process- bottom middle
89
connective tissue anterior thorax and movments they limit
posterior sternocostal radiate ligament- posterior retraction movement and rotation
costal cartilage-
ALL- extension
anterior sternocostal radiate ligament - lateral and anterior movement
90
connective tissue in t spine
intertransverse ligament- side bending and rotation
supraspinous ligament- flexion
interspinous ligament- flexion
ligamentum flavum- flexion
PLL- flexion
radiate ligament- rib to vertebral bodies- side bend and rotation
costotransverse ligament + Superior + inferior - keeps stability and stops excessive gliding
91
t spine herniations
T spine herniation is at 1% because ribs support and there is less movement
92
what is the dorsal horn and what is the ventral horn and lateral horn and what is grey matter and white matter
Dorsal- somatosensory from body to brain
lateral- viscera
ventral horn- motor nerves to skeletal muscles
grey- motor and sensory information
white- sensory info from receptors
93
what is the sympathetic chain
right chain ganglia- all skin
left chain ganglia:
superior cervical ganglia- eyes, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, mucus membranes.
t1-4/5- heart, bronchi, oesophagus, trachea
T6-11/12- Stomach, abdominal blood vessels, liver and bile ducts, pancreas, adrenal gland, small intestines -> celiac ganglion -> superior mesenteric ganglion -> large intestine -> inferior mesenteric ganglion -> T12-L1-3- kidney blader genitalia
94
what is the thoracic arch
where the aorta starts to decend from body starts at T4
95
what is referred pain and an some examples
convergence of different sensory neurones means pain in one area of the body could be connected to an issue else where
heart attack C5-T1 and inner left arm area pain
right shoulder pain- liver gallblader
96
function of lymph system
maintenance of fluid balance
lipid storage
immune system
97
connective tissue in the lumbar spine and sacral region + movements limited
ALL- extension
Iliolumbar- side bending and rotation
intertransverse- sidebending
lumbosacral
PLL- flexion
ligamentum flavum- flexion
interspinous lig- flexion
supraspinous lig- flexion
98
thoracolumbar fascia role and location of the 3 layers
role:
support
force distribution
friction reduction
Nociception?
Posterior- SPs to the supraspinous ligaments
Middle- Illiolumber lig- intertransverse lig- TPs
Anterior-TPs- quad lumb/LES
99
nerve roots from the lumbar plexus
illiohypogastric- t12- l1
illioinguinal- L1
geniofemoral- L1-2
lateral cutaneous- l2-3
femoral nerve L2-4
obturator nerve- l2-4
100
muscle innovation and cutaneous of the lumbar plexus
Illiohypogastric + illioinguinal = t abdominis, internal obliques- upper thigh
geniofemoral- psoas
lat cutaneous- lateral anterior
obturator- adductor longus brevis magnus, gracilics, pectineus, obturator externus
femoral nerve- pectineus, sartorious, vastus intermedius lateralis and medialis, rectus femoris
101
nerve roots for lumbosacral plexus
illioinguinal- T12-L1
illiohypogastric- L1
geniofemoral- L1-2
lat cutaneous- L2-3
obturator l3-5
femoral L3-5
superior gluteal- L4-S1
Inferior gluteal- L5-S2
Piriformis- S1-2
sciatic- L4-S3
posterior cutaneous s1-3
pudendal- s2-4
102
lumbosacral nerves and their innovations
superior gluteal- Gluteus mi, glute med, TFL
inferior gluteal- glute Maximus
piriformis- piriformis
posterior cutaneous- posterior thigh, gluteal, posterior knee
pudendal- genitalia, pelvic floor
103
artery in the lumbar spine to lower extremity
abdominal aorta> common illiac artery> external and internal illiac artery> femoral artery from the external illiac
104
anterior ligaments in the shoulder complex and movements they limit
coracoacromial ligament- superior displacment of humerus
conoid ligament- anterior and superior movement of the clavicle
- coracoclavicular
trapezoid ligament- posterior movement of clavicle
superior glenohumeral ligament- external rotation and inferior translation
middle glenohumeral ligament- external rotation and anterior translation
inferior glenohumeral ligament-anterior external rotation and anterior translation, posterior- interior rotation and anterior translation
transverse humeral lig- external rotation and inferior translation
coracohumeral lig- external rotation, inferior translation
superior transverse scap lig- downwards rotation of the scapula, protraction and elevation of scapula
105
what ligaments make the anteior joint capsule of the shoulder
superior middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
106
posterior ligaments in the shoulder
posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament- internal rotation and anterior translation
inferior transverse scapula ligament- external rotation
107
interarticular connective tissues in the shoulder
articular surface
joint capsule
glenoid labrum
biceps brachii
108
bursa in the shoulder complex
subdeltoid
sub acromial
subscapular
109
spinal levels of nerves in the brachial plexus
musculocutaneous- C5-6
axillary- C7
Radial- C7
Median- C5-T1
Ulnar- C8-T1
110
peripheral nerve spinal level in the brachial plexus
Dorsal scapular- C5
Suprascapular- C5-6
Lateral pectoral- C5-7
Long thoracic- C5-7
upper scapular nerve- C7
thoracodorsal nerve- C7
lower subscapular nerve- C7
medial pectoral- C8-T1
medial brachial cutaneous- C8-T1
medial antibrachial cutaneous- C8-T1
110
innervation of primary brachial plexus nerves
Musculocutaneous- Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis- lateral forarm
Axillary nerve- terres minor deltoid- upper anterior and posterior arm
median nerve- flexor compartment, thenar muscles, lateral 2 lumberical- palmar surface of hand lateral 3.5 digits
radial nerve- Triceps brachii, extensor compartment--- posterior forearm, dorsal surface of hand lateral 3.5 digits
ulnar nerve- flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundi, medial 2 lumbricals, flx digiti minimi, opp digiti minimi, abd digiti minimi, interossei, adductor pollicis--- medial 1.5 digits palmar and dorsal
111
innervation of peripheral nerves in brachial plexus
Dorsal scrap nerve- rhomboid major and minor, lev scap
supra scap- supraspinatus, infraspinatus- superior shoulder
Subscapulr nerve- subscapularis, teres major
pectoral nerve- pec major and minor
long thoracic- serratus anterior
thoracodorsal- lat dorsi
112
what is the quadrangular space and the components inside
medial border- hummerus
lateral border- long head bicep
superior border- terres minor
inferior border- terres major
medial circumflex artery
axillary nerve
113
vascular tissue in the shoulder
subclavian vein> brachiocephalic vein
subclavian artery> axillary artery> brachial artery
114
connective tissue in the elbow anterior and posterior
anterior articular capsule- hyper extension
radial colateral ligament- stabalises radial head prevents internal movements
annular lig- pronation and supination
oblique cord
quadrate lig
ulnar colateral lig- forces away from body and stabalises ulnar
postierior articular capsule- flexion
115
dorsal conective tissue in the hand
dorsal radial ulnar- supination
ulnar collateral- prevents side ways movement of the 1st digit
dorsal radial carpel- limits full flexion
radiocollateral- wrist adduction
colateral lig- adduction and abduction of the meta carpals
115
palmar ligaments hand
palmar radio carpel- ensure hand follows forearm in supination
radiocolateral lig- prevents thumb from moving to close to the palm
palmer ulnocarpal lig- limits ulna deviation and palmar translocation
flexor retinaculum- retains the carpels in the hand
palmar radio ulnar lig- prevents excess supination
116
what is the TFCC
Triangular fibrocartelagenous complex
it is load bearing between ulnar head and lunate
117
bursa in the elbow
triceps- subtendeinous and intratendinous bursa
olecranon bursa
118
muscular innervations of the radial nerve
supinator, brachioradialis, extensor carpi rdaialis longus + brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor digitorum, extensor policis longus and brevis. abductor policis longus
119
what is the radial tunnel
extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator, extensor carpi radialis longus, brachioradialis compress the radial nerve very rare
120
what does the median nerve innervate
pronator terres, flexor digitorum superficialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator quadratus, flexor policsis longus, opponens policis, flexor policis brevis, adductor policis brevis lateral 2 lumbricals
121
cubital fossa really need beer to be at my nicest
transverse lines are the epicondyles and pronator teres and brachioradialis
it contains biceps brachii tendon
brachial artery
median and radial nerve
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what is carpal tunnel
transverse ligament at the top then clockwise, trpezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, triquetrium, pisaform
it contains median nerve
flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor policisi longus, flexor digitorum profundus
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ulnar nerve innervations
flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundi, limbricals medial 2, flexor minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minim, interossei, adductor policis
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cubital tunnel
olecranon- ligament of osborne- medial epicondyle
flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar nerve
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guyons canal
floor flexor retinaculum
pisaform, hamate and the ulnar nerve sit on top
palmar carpal ligament sits on top
handlebar palsy
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sij connective tissue posterir
posterior sacro illiac ligament- limits displacement of illium from sacrum
sacrospinous lig- limits movement from pelvis and sacrum
illiolumbar lig- limits range of motion at lumbar sacral junction
sacrotuberous ligament limits from of pelvis and sacrum
interosseous sacroilliac ligaments- anterior and inferior displacement
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anterior ligaments of the sij
anterior sacroilliac lig- anterior movemnt of sacrum compared to ililiac
lumbosacral ligament- limits side bend
sacrotuberous ligament- limits posterior movement
sacrospinous ligament- limits rotation and flexion of illium- anterior movements
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connective tissue of hip
illiofemoral ligament- extension and external rotation
pubofemoral ligament- extension and abduction
transverse acetabular ligament extension and inferior displacement
zona orbicularis- limits distraction forces
ischiofemoral ligament- internal rotation and adduction during flexion
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intracapsular connective tissue in hip
acetabular labrum
articular surface
ligamentum teres- internal and external rotation and abduction
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bursa in the hip
glute min bursa
glute medius bursa
greater trochantic bursa
illiopectineal bursa
obturator internus bursa
piriformis bursa
trochanteric bursa
ischeal bursa
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what does obutrator nerve branch to
posterior- obturator externus, adductor magnus
anterior- adductor brevis and longus, gracillis, pectineus and medial cutaneous branch
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what does the femoral nerve branch into
posterior- pectineus, illiacus, rectus femoris, all vastus, and the saphenous nerve
anterior- sartorious and medial cutanous and intermedial cutaneous
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what does the sciatic nerve branch to
sciatic nerve- adductor magnus, biceps femoris long and short head, semi membrinous, semitendinousis
turns into tibial nerve
and common peroneal nerve- common peroneal nerve and suerficila peroneal nerve
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superior gluteal nerve branch
TFL, glute med and min
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inferior gluteal nerve branches
glute maximus
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femoral triangle
top- inguinal ligament
lateral side- sartorious
medial side- adductor longus
contains femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, deep inguinal lymph nodes
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what is hunters canal
borders- sartorious, vastus medialis, adductor longus
contains- saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medialis femoral vein and femoral artery
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extracapsular ligaments of the knee
lateral colateral lig- prevents execcive external movement
medial collateral ligament- prevents excessive internal movement
pattela ligament- limits flexion
medial patellofemoral lig- lateral pattela movemnt
lateral pattelofemoral lig- medial patella movement
medialand lateral pattela retinaculum- prevents patella sliding out trochlea groove
oblique popliteal ligament- prevents hyper extension
m/l lateral fascicles arcuate popliteal ligaments- prevents hyperextension
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intracapsular ligaments of knee
PCL- prevents posterior displacement of tibia
ACL- prevents anterior displacemtn of tibia
transverse ligament- attaches to menisci and stablises
lateral medial meniscus- allow smooth congruent movement
anterior meniscofemoral ligament
posterior meniscofemoral ligament
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bursa in the knee
illiotibial tract bursa
sub tendinous bursa LCL
inferior subtendious bursa
deep infra patella bursa
subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
anserine bursa medial
subcutaneous pre patella bursa superior to bursa
semimembranosus bursa
medial and lateral sub tendinous gastrocnemius bursa
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features of knee menisci
medial menisci is more weight bearing
red one outer 1/3 has more blood supply heals quicker
white zone inner 2/3 has less blood supply
shock absorption, lubrication ,weight distribution, stability
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what is the popliteal fossa
superior medial border- semimembranosus
superior lateral border- biceps femoris
inferior medial border- medial head gastroc
inferior lateral border- lateral head gastroc and plantaris
contains- popliteal artery most medial, popliteal vein, tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve most lateral
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tibial nerve branches
tib posterior, popliteus, plantaris, soleus, gastrocs, all intrinsic foot muscles flexor halucis longus and flexor digitorum longus
branches to medial calcaneal
medial and lateral plantar
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deep peroneal and superficial peroneal branches
deep- extensor digitorum longus, tib anterior, extensor halucis longus, peroneus tertius
superficial peroneal- peroneus brevis, peroneus longus
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lateral ankle ligaments
Anterior talofibular lig- limits plantar flexion and inversion
Posterior talofibular lig- dorsiflexion inversion
Calcanealfibular ligament- neutral inversion
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medial ankle ligaments
spring ligament- maintains the arch and prevents collapse
anterior tibiotalar ligament- eversion
posterior tibiotalar lig (deltoid ligament)- dorsiflexed eversion
talonavicular- plantarflexed eversion
tibialcalcaneal- neutral eversion
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what is the extensor retinaculum
thickened fascial tissue that retains muscles bones and ligament in the foot- can become painful after excessive use
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bursas and sheath in the foot
tib anterior sheath
extensor halucis longus sheath
extensor digitorum sheath
peroneal sheath
retrocalcaneal sheath
sub Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa
subcutaneous lateral and medial malleolus bursa
tib posterior sheath
flexor digitorum longus sheath
felxor halucis longus sheath
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what is the tarsel tunnel tom dick and very nervous harry
tibia is a border- tib post, flexor Digitorum longus, posterior tib Artery, posterior tibial Vein, tibial Nerve, flexor Halucis longus
flexor halucius is most posterior
talus and calcanues underneath
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lateral plantar nerve intrinsic foot muscles
abductor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
adductor hallucis
quadratus plantae
interossei and lumbricals
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medial plantar nerve intrisic muscles
flexor digitorum brevis
flexor hallucis brevis
abductor hallucis
1st lumbrical
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lymph in the foot
no lymph nodes only vessels
medial vessels originate from the dorsal surface
lateral vessels come from the lateral surface of the foot
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arterial components in the foot
popliteal artery forms the posterior tibial arter, anterior tibial artery and peroneal artery
posterior tibial artery turns into medial and lateral plantar arterys
anterior tibial artery turns into dorsalis pedis artery
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venous components of foot
dorsal venous arch and plantar venous arch feed into the peroneal vein, posterior and anterior tibial vein
A/PTV feed into the popliteal vein
