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Gastrointestinal Unit > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Define catabolism?

A

Nutrients from the environment are broken down to provide energy that cells need to function

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2
Q

What does catabolism require?

A

O2
organic molecules (fats, carbs, proteins)

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3
Q

Define anabolism?

A

Nutrients from the environment are used as raw materials to synthesize essential compounds

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers from deep to superficial?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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5
Q

What generally makes up the epithelium?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Simple columnar epithelium
  3. Lamina propria
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6
Q

Describe the stratified squamous epithelium of the mucosa?

A

located in areas of high stress
-oral cavity
-pharynx
-esophagus

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7
Q

Describe the simple columnar epithelium of the mucosa?

A

located in areas with lower amounts of stress
-stomach
-small intestine
-colon
*contains mucus cells

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8
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the mucosa?

A

Layer of connective tissue
-blood/lymph vessels
-sensory nerves
-smooth muscle cells
-lymphoid tissue
-secretory cells of mucus glands

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9
Q

What types of cells are part of the simple columnar epithelium?

A

Enteroendocrine cells
-scattered amongst the columnar cells
-secrete hormones which help coordinate the activities of digestion

Pilcae
-transverse folds in the digestive tract which help to increase the surface area for absorption

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10
Q

Describe the submucosa?

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-binds the mucosa to the muscularis externa
-contain blood/lymph vessels and exocrine glands which secrete digestive enzymes

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11
Q

What is contained within the submucosa?

A

submucosal plexus:
-network of nerve fibers and neurons
-sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

Describe the muscularis externa?

A

Dominated by smooth muscle; play a role in mechanical processing and movement of materials through the digestive tract

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13
Q

What plexus is contained within the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric plexus
-network of parasympathetic ganglia, sensory neurons, interneurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Parasympathetic - increase muscular tone and activity
Sympathetic - promote muscular inhibition and relaxation

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14
Q

Describe the serosa?

A

Serous membrane which covers the muscularis externa

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15
Q

Define gastroparesis?

A

Paralysis of the stomach and GI tract
-the submucosal and myenteric plexus both have autonomic innervation - both will slow down
-results in failure to empty due to decreased motility

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16
Q

What are the etiologies of gastroparesis?

A

diabetic autonomic neuropathy
anticholinergic drugs
Vagotomy

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of gastroparesis?

A

Postprandial fullness
N/V
Anorexia
Bloating
Weight loss due to anorexia

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18
Q

What membranes are found within the peritoneum/peritoneal cavity?

A

visceral peritoneum - covers the organs in the peritoneal cavity
parietal peritoneum - lines the inner surface of the body wall

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19
Q

What is the function of peritoneum/peritoneal cavity?

A

production of peritoneal fluid
-provides essential lubrication in the peritoneal cavity
-reduces friction

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20
Q

Define ascites?

A

increased fluid in the peritoneal cavity
-liver disease
-kidney disease
-heart failure

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21
Q

What are the 4 primary abdominal muscles from superficial to deep?

A

external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominus
transverse abdominus

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22
Q

What are the actions and innervations of the external oblique?

A

actions:
-compress abdomen
-depress ribs
-flex spine

innervations:
-intercostal nerve
-iliohypogastric nerve
-ilioinguinal nerve

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23
Q

What are the actions and innervations of the internal oblique?

A

Actions:
-compress the abdomen
-depress ribs
-flex spine

innervations:
-intercostal nerve
-iliohypogastric nerve
-ilioinguinal nerve

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24
Q

What are the actions and innervations of the rectus abdominus?

A

Actions:
-compress abdomen
-depress ribs
-flex ribs

Innervation:
-intercostal nerves T7-T12

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25
What are the actions and innervations of the transverse abdominus?
Action: -compress abdomen Innervations: -intercostal nerve -iliohypogastric nerve -ilioinguinal nerve
26
Describe the abdominal aorta?
-begins inferior to diaphragm -descends slightly to the left of the vertebral column -posterior to the peritoneal cavity
27
What is the function of the abdominal aorta?
delivers blood to all abdominopelvic organs/structures: -branches to the visceral organs UNPAIRED -branches to the body wall, kidneys, and bladder PAIRED
28
What are the unpaired arteries that the AA gives rise to?
celiac trunk superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery
29
What are the branches of the celiac trunk that the AA gives rise to?
left gastric artery splenic artery common hepatic artery
30
What does the left gastric artery supply?
stomach esophagus
31
What does the splenic artery give rise to/supply?
left gastroepiploic artery -spleen -stomach pancreatic arteries -pancreas
32
What does the common hepatic artery gives rise to?
hepatic proper artery right gastric artery cystic artery gastroduodenal artery right gastroepiploic artery superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
33
What does the hepatic proper artery supply
liver
34
What does the right epigastric artery supply?
stomach
35
What does the cystic artery supply
gall bladder
36
What does the gastroduodenal artery supply
duodenum
37
What does the right gastroepiploic artery supply
duodenum
38
What do the superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply
duodenum
39
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery intestinal arteries right colic artery middle colic artery Ileocolic arteries
40
What does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply
pancreas
41
What do the intestinal arteries supply
small intestine
42
What arteries supply the large intestine?
right colic middle colic ileocolic
43
What does the inferior mesenteric artery give rise to?
left colic artery sigmoid arteries rectal arteries
44
What does the left colic artery supply?
terminal colon
45
What do the sigmoid arteries supply?
terminal colon
46
What do the rectal arteries supply?
rectum
47
Describe intestinal ischemia?
range of conditions that happen when blood flow to intestine slows or stops -blocked artery -low blood pressure
48
Where foes the hepatic portal system begin and end?
begins in the capillaries of the digestive organs ends in the liver sinusoids
49
What is the portal vessel and portal system?
Portal vessel: blood vessel connecting two capillary beds Portal system: network of portal vessels
50
What is the difference between blood flowing in the hepatic portal system vs other systemic veins?
-contains substances absorbed from the stomach and intestines -Delivers these substances to the liver for storage, metabolic conversion, or excretion
51
Describe the hepatic portal vein?
Largest vessel in the hepatic portal system Delivers blood to the liver Receives blood from 3 large veins draining organs in the peritoneal cavity
52
Which 3 veins drain into the hepatic portal vein?
inferior mesenteric vein splenic vein superior mesenteric vein
53
Describe the inferior mesenteric vein and its drainage into the hepatic portal vein?
collects blood from inferior large intestine -left colic vein -superior rectal veins drains descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
54
Describe the splenic vein and its drainage into the hepatic portal vein?
formed by the union of the inferior mesenteric vein, veins from the spleen, and veins from the lateral border of the stomach -left gastroepiploic vein (lateral border of stomach) -pancreatic vein (drains the pancreas)
55
Which veins drain into the superior mesenteric vein to be drained into the hepatic portal vein?
right gastroepiploic - stomach intestinal - small intestine pancreaticoduodenal - small intestine ileocolic - 2/3 L.I. right colic - 2/3 L.I. middle colic - 2/3 L.I
56
As the hepatic portal vein proceeds, it receives blood from which vessel?
left and right gastric veins -medial border of stomach cystic veins -gallbladder
57
Where does the hepatic portal vein end up?
passes through the liver sinusoids and collects in the hepatic veins which empty into the IVC at the level of T10
58
Describe portal hypertension
Scar tissue in liver (cirrhosis) compresses blood vessels and reduces blood flow Results in increased blood pressure in portal system Blood flow is diverted to other veins and can cause ascites
59
The IVC returns blood from which 6 veins?
Hepatic Lumbar Gonadal Renal Adrenal Phrenic
60
What are villi covered with?
simple columnar epithelium and microvilli
61
What is the purpose of the lamina propria with the villi?
The lamina propria of each villus contains an extensive network of capillaries which carry nutrients to the hepatic portal circulation for delivery to the liver
62
What is contained in each villi and what are they?
Lacteals: prominent lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine which function in the transport of lipids absorbed by the GI tract
63
What are Chylomicrons?
Protein-lipid packages that are too large to diffuse into the bloodstream -give lipids "milky" appearance
64
Do chylomicrons go through the liver?
No, reach the venous circulation via the thoracic duct which drains into the left subclavian vein
65
Where do lymphatic capillaries drain?
Superficial lymphatics: located in subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and in connective tissue Deep lymphatics: Larger lymphatic vessels that accompany deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles, organs of the neck, limbs, and trunk, and walls of visceral organs
66
Where does lymph go from the superficial/deep lymphatics?
converge to form lymphatic trunks which empty into either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct -thoracic duct: 75% -right lymphatic duct: 25%
67
Where is the thoracic duct located?
begins inferior to diaphragm at L2 and anterior to vertebral column Passes posterior to diaphragm alongside the aorta Ascends along the left side of the vertebral column to the level of the clavicle Empties into the left subclavian vein
68
Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?
Left bronchomediastinal trunk Left subclavian trunk Left jugular trunk
69
What is the cisterna chyli
In the thoracic duct -expanded, sac-like chamber at the base of the thoracic duct -collects lymph from the inferior abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
70
Where does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?
right jugular trunk right subclavian trunk right bronchomediastinal trunk
71
What is lymphedema?
Blockage of lymphatic drainage from a limb, resulting in the accumulation of interstitial fluids in the limn -stagnant fluids = higher infection rate -if chronic, elastic tissue in the limb will lose its elasticity and the swelling will become permanent

Gastrointestinal Unit (11 decks)

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