Nutrition vit/mineral packets Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
What are the bulk minerals?
A
sodium
potassium
chloride
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
2
Q
describe sodium
A
cation in body fluids
cell membrane function
3
Q
describe potassium
A
cation in cytoplasm
cell membrane function
4
Q
describe chloride
A
anion in body fluids
forms HCl
5
Q
describe calcium
A
muscle/neuron function
nucleic acids
bone structure
6
Q
describe phosphorus
A
cellular function
nucleic acids
bone structure
7
Q
describe magnesium
A
enzyme cofactor
cell membrane function
8
Q
What are the trace minerals
A
iron
zinc
copper
manganese
cobalt
selenium
chromium
9
Q
describe iron
A
Hgb
myoglobin
cytochromes
10
Q
describe zinc
A
enzyme cofactor
-carbonic anhydrase (respiration, digestion, pH regulation
11
Q
Describe copper
A
cofactor for Hgb synthesis
12
Q
Describe cobalt
A
mineral in vit B12
cofactor
13
Q
Describe selenium
A
Antioxidant
14
Q
Describe chromium
A
cofactor for glucose metabolism
15
Q
Describe vitA
A
vision/retina
epithelium
immune system
growth/bone remodeling
16
Q
Describe vitD
A
bone growth
intestinal Ca/P absorption
retention of Ca/P at kidneys
17
Q
Describe vitE
A
prevents breakdown of vitA and fatty acids
18
Q
Describe vitK
A
synthesis of prothrombin/other clotting factors in liver
19
Q
Describe vit B1
A
thiamine
coenzyme
cerebral energy utilization
20
Q
Describe vit B2
A
riboflavin
metabolic pathways (glycolysis)
21
Q
Describe vit B3
A
niacin
coenzyme in many pathways
22
Q
Describe vit B5
A
pantothenic acid
coenzyme A (CoA)
many pathways
23
Q
Describe vit B6
A
pyridoxine
coenzyme in amino acid/lipid metabolism
24
Q
Describe vit B7
A
biotin
coenzyme in many pathways
25
describe vit B9
folic acid
coenzyme in amino acid/nucleic acid metabolism
26
Describe vit B12
cobalamin
coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
27
Describe vit C
Coenzyme in many pathways
immune system
28
What are the risk factors for poor nutrition?
nutrition literacy
disease states
physical limitation
geographic - food deserts
socioeconomic:
-finances
-transportation
-social connection
29
What should be assessed with nutritional history?
Unintended weight changes
appetite
skin changes
hair loss
GI sx
Risk factors
3-day dietary recall
Five W
30
What are the Five W of nutritional history
Who
What
Where
When
Why (triggers)
31
What vital sign assesses metabolic risk
waist circumference
32
What should be assessed on the skin for PE?
pallor
cyanosis
jaundice
triceps skin-fold thickness
33
What should be inspected on HEENT?
conjunctive/sclera
changes to oral mucosa with vit deficiencies
34
How will lymphocyte counts change when malnourished?
low; become slower to mature
35
What are the red cell findings?
anemia and volume status
-increased volume in concentrated state/ dehydration
36
What is transferrin
acute-phase reactant
liver produces in response to inflammatory cascade
elevated in IDA
37
Describe albumin
most abundant protein in human serum
hypoalbuminemia associated with all-cause mortality
surgical risk and post op complications
muscle mass in elderly
about 20 day half life
38
Describe prealbumin
transport protein for thyroid hormone
shorter half life - 2 days
39
Describe BUN/Creatinine
renal function
may be elevated with abnormal protein intake/metabolism
40
Describe lipid panel values
total cholesterol - <200
triglycerides - <150
HDL - 50-60
LDL - 100-130 or less
VLDL - <30
41
What is fat needed for
tissue growth and hormone production
42
What is protein needed for
tissue maintenance, function, and growth
43
Describe amino acids
20 total
9 EEAs - only from diet
44
What are carbs needed for
increase blood glucose levels to supply energy
simple - mono/di
complex - starches and fiber
45
How are micronutrients (vitamins and trace minerals) best absorbed?
in whole foods
46
What is a unique nutritional need for infants (<2) and for elderly?
infants - high percentage milk fat for healthy brain development
elderly - higher protein intake
47
Describe Vit B1 deficiency (beriberi)
Thiamine - beriberi
Dry:
-neurologic abnormalities (weakness, paresthesia, gait ataxia)
Wet:
-same as dry + cardiac involvement and fluid overload (cardiomyopathy, cardiomegaly, peripheral edema, tachycardia)
48
Describe WE/KS
thiamine/B1 deficiency (severe)
WE triad:
1. encephalopathy
2. oculomotor dysfunction
3. gait ataxia
KS -
late manifestation
retro/anterograde amnesia
49
How to treat WE/KS
parenteral thiamine - banana bag
50
What is the RDA of thiamine
1-2 mg in adults
51
What are the symptoms of a B2 deficiency
riboflavin
sore throat/pharyngitis
cheilitis/stomatitis
glossitis
edema of mucous membranes
seborrheic dermatitis
normocytic/normochromic anemia
52
What is the B2 RDA
riboflavin
1-2 mg/day
53
Describe vit B3 deficiency
niacin
tryptophan to nicotinomide in the liver
photosensitivity, diarrhea, dementia/encephalopathy
Pellagra
causes:
alcohol abuse
bariatric surgery post op
anorexia nervosa
malabsorptive states
54
What is the RDA for vit B3
niacin
children: 6-12 mg/day
adult males: 16 mg/day
adult females: 14 mg/day
55
Describe vit B6
pyridoxine
over deficiency rare
can be used to treat nausea in pregnancy
oral changes
neuropathy
psychiatric
56
What is the RDA for vit B5
pyridoxine
children: 0.5-1mg/day
young men/women: 1.3mg/day
men > 50: 1.5 mg/day
women > 50: 1.7 mg/day
57
Symptoms and treatment of vit B12 deficiency
glossitis
fatigue
neuro/psych changes
injections once weekly x 4 weeks then once monthly
oral dose 1000mcg daily (keep absorption issues in mind)
check for resolution of anemia
58
Difference between B12 and folate deficiency?
folate lacks spinal cord symptoms
59
Treatment of folate deficiency
oral replacement 1-5mg/day
ensure resolution of anemia
60
Symptoms of vit C (ascorbic acid) deficiency
impaired collagen synthesis
disordered connective tissue
hyperkeratosis
perifollicular hemorrhage
petechiae/coiled hairs
ecchymoses
gingivitis
Sjogren's syndrome
edema
anemia
impaired wound healing
limp due to hemorrhage into muscle/periosteum
61
Symptoms of vit A deficiency
rare
xerophthalmia
night blindness
poor bone growth
decreased immune function
hyperkeratosis
62
What is the treatment and RDA for vit A
oral replacement, in resource-poor countries universal periodic distribution programs
RDA:
male - 3000 IU
female - 2300 IU
63
Symptoms/diagnosis of vit D deficiency
mild - asymptomatic
severe:
-osteomalacia/rickets
-secondary hyperparathyroidism
dx: Vitamin-D-25-hydroxy
64
In what case is vit E deficiency usually seen
fat-malabsorptive states
-pancreatic insufficiency
-cholestatic liver disease
-disease of small intestine
65
What are the symptoms, diagnosis, and tx for vit E deficiency
neuromuscular disease, hemolysis
serum alpha-tocopherol
oral replacement depending on severity/cause, may be 50-500mg/day
66
What are the symptoms, Dx, and tx, of vit K deficiency
impaired coagulation
PT/INR elevated (warfarin is vitK antagonist)
10mg dose vit K
-oral vs IV depending on stability
67
Describe protein-energy malnutrition
energy deficit due to deficiency of all macronutrients
often accompanied by micronutrient deficiency
multiorgan system impairment
68
What is marasmus? PE findings?
wasting, depletion of fat/muscle stores
-inadequate intake of all nutrients, esp total calories
PE:
-emaciated, weak
-irritable, fretful
-bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia
-thin, then dry skin
-shrunken areas due to loss of sub Q fat
-thin, sparse hair
69
What is Kwashiorkor? PE?
edematous malnutrition
-protein deficiency
-muscle wasting with NORMAL fat stores
PE:
-apathy/listless
-rounded prominence of cheeks
-pursed mouth
-thin, dry, peeling skin
-dry, dull, hypopigmented hair/falls out
-hepatomegaly
-distended abd, dialted intestinal loops
-brady, hypotension, hypothermia
70
