Anatomy

Question 1

What functions do the skin serve?

HINT-count them on your fingers

Answer 1

Protection
Containment of body structures
Thermal regulation
Sensation
Metabolic activities

Question 2

The first layer of the skin is a dead layer because?

HINT- It has something and it lacks something 🫣

Answer 2

They lack blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
They are stuffed with keratin.

Question 3

Do you think the epidermis can sense since it lacks veins?

Why🤔

Answer 3

Yes, it has nerve endings

Question 4

What layer of the epidermis is not found in all parts of the body?

Answer 4

Lucidum

Question 5

What do you think is the connection between that layer of the epidermis that is not found EVERYWHERE and it’s STRUCTURE then FUNCTION.

Answer 5

Lucidum is transparent and lucid means “see through, transparent or clear”

It is found in thick and tough areas like the palm.

Question 6

What do you think is the connection between the toughness and collagen.

Answer 6

The dermis consist of bundles of collagen fibres which run in ALL directions to ensure toughness i.e resistance in all directions.

Question 7

The skin consists of two main layers as listed in Keith Moore,
What are they?
& What are their types (distance from the surface and level of organization)🩺

Answer 7

Epidermis - Superficial & Cellular

Dermis -Deep and tissue

Question 8

Another name for wrinkle line

Answer 8

Langer line
Tension line

Question 9

Where is tension least,

Along/parallel to the tension line.❓ OR

Across it❓

Answer 9

Along it, this is because, that is the natural orientation of collagen in that part/location of the body, so cutting along it will be stretching in the correct orientation thus less tension.

Question 10

The epidermis is made up of some layers list them in the two different orders.

HINT:BEFORE SIGNING, GET LEGAL COUNSEL.

Answer 10

Basale (Basal)
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

Question 11

When the skin starts to wrinkle during old age what layer of skin is responsible and why?

Answer 11

It is the dermis
The elastic fibre it contains deteriorates with age and does not get recovered thus the sagging of this skin as it losses some of it’s tension or ability to stretch.

Question 12

Explain the process it takes for the sebaceous glands to release it’s oil

Answer 12

Hair follicles are sort of slanted connected to the arrector pilli muscle with sebaceous glands found near the hair follicle as the arrector pilli muscle contracts due to cold,fear or shock ) the hair follicles become erect (piloerection or goosebumps), and pressure is put on the sebaceous glands and it releases oil (sebum) into the hair follicle that lubricates the hair and skin.

Question 13

During dissection, a coiled structure was noticed in the skin, what structure could it have been?

Answer 13

Sweat gland

Question 14

The thickness of the subconteneous layer is directly proportional to the what?

Answer 14

The nutritional state of the individual.

Question 15

What is the nature of the ligament and subcutaneous tissue on the dorsum of the hand?🫣

Answer 15

Ligament -long, sparse

Subcutaneous layer- sparse, less abundant,loose

Question 16

What layers of the epidermis do you think are dead?

Answer 16

Granulosum(is dying)
Licidum
Corneum

Question 17

How does collagen fibre in the dermis of the trunk run?😅

Hint : T²

Answer 17

Transversely

Question 18

A patient’s pinch of fold of skin is 1cm this infers that the thickness of the patient’s subcutaneuos layer is about?

Answer 18

0.5cm because a pinch of fold of skin is about half the thickness of the subcutaneous layer.

Question 19

(L. retinacula cutis) is

Answer 19

the skin ligament

Question 20

______ is used to remove the skin with SHORT, STOUT & ABUNDANT retinacula cutis in dissection?

Answer 20

A sharp scarpel.

Question 21

What is the nature of the retinacula cutis of the breast

Answer 21

Long and well developed.

Question 22

Another name for goosebumps is

Answer 22

Piloerection

Question 23

The name the retinacula cutis in the breast is?

Answer 23

Suspensory ligament

Question 24

What provides nourishment to the epidermis

Answer 24

Dermis

Question 25

What layer is concerned with replacement of epidermal cells?

Answer 25

Basal layer

Question 26

During physical examination, a patient was seen to have yellow appearance in the whites of his eye and skin. What pigments could be responsible?

Answer 26

Bilirubin

Question 27

What parts of the skin would be affected by a superficial burn

Answer 27

Epidermis

Question 28

The doctor said by observation, the burn just affected Mr Y's epidermis, what do you think are some symptoms the doctor saw to have known

Answer 28

Erythema(hot red skin) Oedema (swelling) desquamation (peeling)

Question 29

A burn is said to be severe when?

Answer 29

It affects 20% of total body surface area or more excluded sunburn It involves trauma or inhalation injury Caused by chemical or high voltage electricity

Question 30

Factors that increase death from burn include

Answer 30

Age (60 years or more) full or partial thickness burn of 40% of the total body surface area Inhalation injury

Question 31

Skin grafting is an option of treatment in what kind of burn

Answer 31

Full thickness burn

Question 32

Types of burns include

Answer 32

Superficial burn Partial-thickness burn(both and superficial and deep) Full thickness burn Fourth degree burn

Question 33

The appearance of the skin purprish or bluish due to reduced amount of oxygen carrying haemoglobin in the blood due to stop of breathing or inadequacy of circulation to send adequate amount of blood through the lungs is called

Answer 33

Cyanosis

Question 34

Erythema means

Answer 34

Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow to the capillaries caused by engorging (enlargement) of blood vessels/inflammation, irritation (due to chemicals, friction) or injury or infection.

Question 35

For calculation of percentage of the body affected by a burn Give the break down. Anterior head and neck Anterior bilateral shoulders,arms,forearm and hands Anterior trunk Perineum /pelvis Anterior thigh, leg and foot

Answer 35

×2 for posterior Anterior head and neck- 4.5% ×2 Anterior bilateral shoulders,arms,forearm and hands-9% ×2 Anterior trunk-18% ×2 Perineum /pelvis-1% Anterior thigh, leg and foot-9% ×2 Total-100%

Question 36

Explain the subserous fascia

Answer 36

It is the layer of deep fascia found between the musculoskeletal walls of the abdomen,pelvis and endothoracs and their serious membranes

Question 37

During dissection a layer of the skin was discovered that did not test to Sudan(III)test what layer can that be?

Answer 37

Deep fascia layer — it is contains little or no fat

Question 38

What is the name of the deep fascia that surrounds the neurovascular bundles?

Answer 38

Investing fascia

Question 39

What is the name of the deep fascia that surrounds the muscle

Answer 39

Epimysium

Question 40

List the applications of the deep fascia in the body

Answer 40

Investing fascia that invest muscles e.g epimysium and that surrounds the neurovascular Intermuscular septa that demarcates the fascial compartments Retinaculum Sub-serous layer Bursae

Question 41

The deep fascia is said to belong to the musculovascular pump. Explain 🤔

Answer 41

It surrounds the muscle and it is unyielding (not very extensible) so when the muscle contracts, it does so inside this unyielding layer of deep fascia(epimysium) controls the contraction this presses the veins against themselves and that pushes blood out of the vein

Question 43

In one word call the ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC FASCIAS

Answer 43

Extraperitoneal fascia

Question 45

So far we have seen Perineum, Peristoeum and peritoneum. Differentiate

Answer 45

Perineum -pelvis Peristoneum- the outer covering for bones Peritoneal -abdominal and pelvis

Question 46

Describe the bursae anatomically?

Answer 46

It is a sac like or serous envelope that has no depth except when there is an interception of the fluid in it or when there is too much fluid in it(physiological condition)

Question 47

What is the physiological condition that results from infection of a fascia compartment

Answer 47

Compartment syndrome

Question 48

Say something about each of the applications of the bursae in the book.

Answer 48

It is found in areas that require reduction in friction as one surface moves over the other. E.g 📌Sub-cutaneous bursae- for easy movement between the skin and bony prominences. 📌Sub-fascia bursae- lies beneath the deep fascia 📌Sub tendinous fascia- found under the tendon to reduce friction as the tendon passes over bone 📌 Synovial tendon sheath (is a tubular bursae) - wraps the tendon like a sleeve to reduce friction as it runs over long distances like in the arm or leg or pass through tiny fibrous openings like in the toes and fingers 📌 Around very important organs like the heart, lungs or abdomen for reduction in friction as they move.

Question 49

What is the name of the bursae sac found around the heart

Answer 49

Pericardium

Question 50

What is the name of the fascia found around

Question 51

The adjacent layer of the bursa (serous membrane) that surrounds the heart is called

Answer 51

VISCERAL LAYER

Question 52

The outer layer of the collapsed bursa that surrounds some organs like the lungs is called?

Answer 52

Parietal layer

Question 53

When surgeons what to perform a surgery to address the nerves in an epimysium which fascial plane do you think they would use?

Answer 53

Intrafacial plane— because it has to do with within a fascial I.e within the epimysium.