Anatomy(Skeletal System) Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
The cartilage has one characteristic it shares with the epidermis?
A
It is avascular
2
Q
How does the cartilage get nutrient and oxygen?
A
By diffusion
3
Q
The cartilage is found in areas where ______ is needed more?
A
Flexibility
4
Q
What are the characteristics of the cartilage?
A
Resilient
Semi-regid
Avascular
5
Q
The fibrous connective tissue around a bone is?
A
Periosteum
6
Q
What is the name of the cartilage found between the ribs and the sternum?
A
Coastal cartilage
7
Q
What is the name of the cartilage that is found between appendages and why do you think it is named that way?
A
Articular cartilage
These are found in articulating surface (bearing surfaces)of bones participating in a synovial joint— They cap this articulating surfaces and provides smooth,low friction gliding surfaces for free movement.
8
Q
The new born has more soft and flexible bones so we can say it has more bones?
A
No, it has more CARTILAGE
9
Q
_____is the fibrous connective tissue found around the cartilage?
A
Perichondrium
10
Q
What do you think would be the visible effect of absence of perichondrium and periosteum from the skeletal system.
A
The most visible effect I think would be that in the case of fracture there would be nothing to lay down more cartilage or bone after fracture i.e nothing to replace the bone or cartilage
11
Q
What parts make up the axial skeleton?
A
Hyoid (neck bone)
Cervical vertebral
Vertebral
Sternum
Ribcage
Sacrum
12
Q
What parts make up the shoulder girdle
A
Scapula and clavicle
13
Q
Another name for the shoulder girdle?
A
Pectoral girdle
14
Q
What parts makes up the pelvic girdle
A
Sacrum and hip bone
15
Q
Without the bone what five major body functions would be affected?
A
1) It’s the chief support TISSUE of the body
2) Protection of delicate organs
3) Movement
4) Manufacture blood cells
5) Storage of salts (calcium)
16
Q
The spongy bone is also called?
A
Trabecular bone
17
Q
The spongy bone that is surrounded by a compact bone is replaced with _______ in adult bone?
A
Medullary cavity
18
Q
During dissection of a long bone, some yellow substances were found, what part of the bone do you think that was?
A
In the medullary cavity of a adult bone or the spicules (trabeculae) of a spongy bone.
19
Q
What kind of bones are found in the tendon
A
Sesamoid bones
20
Q
The Accessory bone condition is also called
A
SUPERNUMERARY
21
Q
A bone was found to be more brittle than others, what component do you think is lacking?
A
The organic part (collagen) in the matrix.
22
Q
Some bones were found to be cuboidal what kind of bone do you think it is?
A
A small bone— bone of the tarsus or carpus
23
Q
What kind of bone is essential for protection
A
Flat bone e.g bones of the cranium.
24
Q
What kinds of bones are found in the face?
A
Irregular bones
25
The bone marrow is found in ______ in adult bone?
Medullary cavity
26
The Red marrow represents?
The blood cells or platelets forming
27
The yellow marrow represents?
Fatty marrow
28
What is the name of the suture of the parietal and occipital bone?
Lambdoid suture
29
More compact bones are found in the shaft of the long bone why?
This is because, the shaft is more prone to bend /buckle due to pressure from the muscles it carries — it is designed to bear weight
30
The proportion of spongy bone to compact bone in a bone is based on the ________
The function of the bone— if the bone needs to bear weight it would definitely have more compact bone in its part to give it strength.
31
The nutrient artery is formed from?
The periosteal bud
32
The Head of a humerus is found where?
A.Capitulum
B.Condyle
C.Diaphysis
D.Epiphysis
It is found on the epiphysis
The expanded rounded part of a long bone that usually constitutes of the joints
33
Another name for the shaft of a long bone is ______
The Shaft is called the Diaphysis
34
When we think depression in bones what do we think they are used for?
A bone either rests in them
Fits into them or passes through them.
35
The facets of a bone performs what function?
The facet is a flat area covered with cartilage where a bone
articulates with another bone
36
If we have depressions in bones, What bone markings should we be considering it can be because it is depression?
Maybe a Fossa or a groove
37
A rounded process is called?
Malleolus
38
Define a spine?
Thorn-like process?
39
Define a process?
A process is a projection from a bone that is a particular shape or serves a particular function or points in a particular direction
40
Define a trochlea
It's a pulley-like or spool-like process
41
Deferentiate a trochanter from tuberosity?
Trochanter -Large BLUNT Elevation
Tuberosity -Large ROUND Elevation
42
Bone develops from what tissues in the embryo?
Mesenchyme
43
At what pre-paturition age does ossification of the humerus start?
8 weeks (At the end of the embryonic stage)
44
At what age does ossification of the humerus stop?
About 20 years after birth
45
What does Ossification mean?
Ossification is the laying down of new bone material by bone cells (osteoblasts) for formation of bone.
It is basically bone tissue formation.
46
At what period of embryology does the mesenchymal start to form the bone?
Fetal period
47
Heterotopic bone are ?
Heterotopic are bones formed in places bone are not supposed to be
48
Explain the step by step process of Endochondral Ossification of a long bone?
The mesenchyme cells condense and different to form chondrocytes (actively dividing cells of a growing cartilaginous model. The middle of cartilage model begins to calcify (be impregnated with calcium salts) then periosteal arteries starts to grow into the calcified region.
The calcified region reacts with the osteocytes and a periosteal bud.
This forms the primary Ossification centre from which most of the bone is formed.p
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50
During histology, when a bone forming by intermembrane ossification another forming by endochondral Ossification was viewed explain the difference that will be noticed ✌️
No difference
51
Mesenchymal bone modelling happens in what period of embryology?
Embryonic period (before 8 weeks)
52
At what period of embryology does ossification start?
Fetal period i.e after the embryonic period
53
How is intermembrane bone formed?
It is formed from the direct Ossification of mesenchymal bone model from the embryonic period — This happens in the fetal period.
54
How does endochondral Ossification occur?
It occurs when the cartilage bone model formed from the mesenchyme in the fetal period is replaced by bone.
55
Outline the process involved in the endochondral ossification of a bone(long bone)?
The mesenchymal cell condenses and differentiates into CHONDROBLASTS — an
56
The ________ of the scapula is a flat, smooth articulating surface for another bone
Facet
57
A ________ is a narrow ridge of bone, often prominent, like the iliac ________.
Crest - it is a prominent ridge(linear projection/elevation)
58
The ________ process of the temporal bone is a sharp, pointed projection downward.
Styloid
59
The _________ of the femur is a large, rough projection for muscle attachment, found only on the femur.
Trochanter - it is a LARGE, BLUNT(ROUGH) ROUND ELEVATION/PROJECTION.
60
A _________ is a small, rounded projection, like those found on the humerus.
TUBERCLE-IT is a small round eminence or projection
61
A __________ is a named, prominent outgrowth from a bone that may serve for muscle attachment or articulation.
Process- For the fact that it is said 'named' that means it is a very specific projection. Thus it must be a process and they have either specific shapes or functions ( e.g articulation or attachment) or points in a specific direction.
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A _________ is any part of a bone that sticks out; it is a general term that includes processes, crests, and tubercles.
Projection - the general name for structures that sticks out.
64
The ________ is the smooth, round articulating end of a long bone.
Head- The fact that END was said in the definition they are talking about
65
A ________ is a bony projection located above a condyle.
Epicondyle -
Epi mans above or on top of
66
A __________ is a hole in the bone that allows the passage of nerves and vessels.
Foramen
67
The ________ is a canal-like passage through bone, especially in the temporal bone for the ear.
Meatus (particularly in the ear)
68
A __________ is a tube-like channel in bone that forms a tunnel for vessels or nerves.
Canal
69
A __________ is a deep pit or socket, especially where teeth are anchored.
Alveolus
70
A __________ is a tube-like channel in bone that forms a tunnel for vessels or nerves.
Canal
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A _________ is a shallow depression that often receives a head or condyle during joint movement.
Fossa
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A __________ is a narrow slit-like opening for blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
Fissure
74
A __________ is a groove-like depression that runs along the surface of a bone, usually for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel.
Groove but it is called sulcus especially in the brain.
75
A ________ is a rounded or U-shaped depression, often forming a passageway or articulation with another bone.
The notch is an indentation on the edge of a bone it is usually U or V shaped
76
A ________ is a rounded bump or bulge, like the external occipital ________.
Protuberance
77
Once you see process what functions do you think of
Articulation with another bone (to form joint)
Where muscles are attached to .
78
______ is a rounded PROCESS.
Malleolus
79
____ part of a bone is called the epiphysis
Parts formed from the secondary Ossification centre?
80
The part of the diaphysis closest to the epiphysis is called
Metaphysis
81
The seam formed when the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse is called?
Epiphysis line
82
What is the name of the short bone that can undergo secondary Ossification
Calcaneus
83
What is the function of the the epiphysis plate
It intervened between epiphysis and diaphysis during growth to avoid their fusing
84
When the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse, what process is this called?
Syntosis(bone to bone fuse)
85
Metaphyseal and epiphysis originates?
Arteries of the joint arteries
86
What is the artery that supplies the end of bones
Metaphyseal and epiphysis arteries.
87
Nutrient artery has what functions
Supply bone marrow, spongy bone and deep compact bone.
88
What is the name of the artery that supplies MOST of the compact bone?
Periosteal artery
89
What is the name of the passage the nutrient artery passes into the bone?
Nutrient foramina
90
Blood reached the osteocyte through _______
The osteon or the harvasian system
91
Why does the bone die when the periosteum is removed?
When the periosteum is removed, the periosteal artery is removed too
92
What is responsible for pain being felt in the bone?
The periosteal nerve
93
Why does a bone die when the periosteum is removed?
When the periosteum is removed, the periosteal artery is removed too.
94
What is the name of the passage the nutrient artery passes into the bone?
Nutrient foramina
95
How does blood get to the osteocyte?
Through the osteon or harvasian system
96
What ensures blood flows distal regardless of the position of the leg?
The articular arterial plexus which the metaphyseal and epiphysis artery are part of.
97
What is the name of the small bone that undergoes secondary Ossification?
Calcaneus (heel bone)
98
_______ is the nutrient artery?
It is an independent branch of adjacent arteries close to the Peristoeum
99
What does the nutrient artery do?
It mainly innervates the bone marrow, spongy bone and deeper parts of the compact bone
100
Which artery does most of the supplying of blood to the compact bone?
Periosteal artery
101
A bone died having lost its periosteal artery, why?
When the periosteal was removed, it lost the periosteal artery too.
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103
What artery do you think supplies the end of bones?
The metaphysis artery and epiphysis artery
104
What is the name of the passage the nutrient artery passes through into the bone?
Nutrient foramina
105
What secrets synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane
106
107
What unites synovial joints
Synovial capsules
108
An injury that causes a fracture in a child would cause what in an adult?
Epiphysis displacement
109
What is Avascular Necrosis
It is bone death due to loss of arterial supply to a bone
110
Clinical disorders of the epiphysis in children with unknown etiology is called?
Osteochondroses
111
What is a joint?
Where two or me bone meet, or articulate, with or without movement.
112
If two bones meet but do not move can it be considered a joint?
Yes, a joint is where two bones meet,
Regardless of their movement or not
113
Name the classes of joints
Synovial joint
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
114
Fibrous joints are United by?
Fibrous cartilages
115
Define a syndesmosis?
A fibrous joint united by a sheet of fibrous tissue, ligament or fibrous membrane.
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118
What is the name of the fibrous tissue that aids movement in the syndesmosis found in the joint of the radius and ulna?
Interosseous membrane
119
Secondary cartilaginous joints are also called
Symphysis
120
Secondary cartilaginous joints are also called?
Symphysis
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122
What kind of cartilaginous joint is found in a growing long bone
Primary cartilaginous joint or synchondroses
123
What kind of cartilage is found in a secondary cartilage joint?
Fibrocartilage
124
What kind of movement occurs in a plane joint?
Gliding or sliding
125
What is the nature of the joint capsule of a plane joint?
Tight joint capsule
126
Give an example of an Plane joint
Acromioclavicular joint
127
The dento alveolar syndesmosis is what kind of joint
Fibrous joint of the tooth and the roof
128
Which joint provides flexibility, shock absorbing and strength?
Fibrocartilage
129
Which part of the trunk can fibrocartilage be found?
Vertebral column.
130
The law of innervation of joint is?
Hilton's law.
131
State the law of innervation of joint.
Hilton's law states that the nerve that supplies a joint is the same as the one that supplies the muscle that moves it and the skin of it's distal attachment.
132
Another name for Hilton's law is?
More a rule of thumb
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134
What is Greenstick fracture?
It is the incomplete breaking of a bone due to bending usually common in young ones as a result of their slender bones, the activities they carry out and growing bones
135
What is osteoporosis
It is reduction in bone mass due to reduction in the organic and inorganic composition of bones with age
136
Symptoms of osteoporosis
137
Symptoms of osteoporosis?
Brittleness of BONES
PLASTICITY OF BONES (EASY TO FRACTURE)
138
What method can be used to detect osteoporosis?
Bone scanning
139
Why do you think makes girls stop growing early
The epiphysis plate disappears about 2 years or 1 year earlier
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141
Explain how a fractured bone heals
The bones are approximated to assume their normal position.
Surrounding fibroblasts proliferate to release collagen that forms that further forms collar of callus to hold the bones together.
The collar calcifies and later gets dissolved and replaced with bones.
142
______ is a kind of fracture found in young ones
Greenstick fracture
143
Meaning of Greenstick fracture
Incomplete breaking of bones due to bending of their slender bones
144
Define Osteoporosis
It is the reduction of organic and inorganic composition of bones due to age
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Symptoms of osteoporosis
Brittleness of bone
Plasticity of bone(loses its elasticity) thus,
Get fractured easily
147
How can osteoporosis be detected?
Bone scanning
148
Why do you think girls stop growing earlier than boys?
The translucent dark line (epiphysial plate) disappears q or 2 years earlier in girls thus synostosis occurs earlier in girls
149
What is heterotopic bone?
Bones that occur where bones ought not to be usually
150
What is Avascular Necrosis?
It is bone death due to loss of arterial supply to the bone.
151
Does the fact that movement occur makes a place to be called a joint?
A joint is where two or more bones meet regardless of the fact that movement occurs there or not.
152
In a synovial joint, synovial fluid is likely to be found where?
In the synovial cavity
153
What unites synovial joints?
Synovial capsules
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