Anatomy Flashcards
(26 cards)
Name the 3 pacing vessel access points from distal to proximal.
Axillary, subclavian, brachio-cephalic
What is the average heart weight?
11 ounces / 0.31kg
Name the four layers of the pericardium from outer to inner and describe them.
Fibrous outer layer, parietal (layer of serous pericardium), fibrous cavity and epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
What coronary artery supplies the LA and LV?
The LMS.
Which artery does the Carotid branch off of?
Subclavian.
Where is the coronary sinus located and what does it do?
It is located on the posterior surface of the heart between the LA and LV. It drains blood from the coronary veins (the epicardial ventricular veins) so that it can be reoxygenated.
Where does the azygous vein drain from and into?
From the mediastinum / walls of the thorax and abdomen into the Superior Vena Cava.
What are the four types of atrial septal defect and which is the most common?
Secundum (most common, middle wall), Primium (lower wall), Sinus Venosus (upper wall), Coronary Sinus (when part of the wall between the coronary sinus and the LA is missing).
What is it called when there’s a large hole in the septum between the atria and the ventricles?
Complete atrioventricular canal defect.
What is the birth defect called where the Aorta and the Pulmonary Artery are reversed?
D-transposition of the great arteries.
What are the types of Cardiac tumours?
Metastatic/Secondary (most prevalent ~75-95%, originating from other parts in the body), Primary (originating from inside the heart). These can be benign (more common) or cancerous.
What is an atrial Myxoma?
A benign atrial tumour (10% are inherited).
What is a persistent left SVC?
Where the left brachiocephalic vein doesn’t fully develop, so the blood from the left side of the head, arm and neck drains directly into the Coronary Sinus.
What is the function of Bachman’s bundle and where does it branch off of?
To spread conduction from the SA node across to the LA through 2 branches. It branches off of the anterior internodal pathway.
Describe the internodal pathways.
There are 3. The anterior runs from the anterior margin of the SA node down to the superior margin of the AV node. The middle pathway runs from the posterosuperior margin of the SA node, travels around the superior vena cava and to the AV node through the superior margin. The posterior runs from the posterior margin of the SA node, around the posterior superior vena cava, across the crista terminalis towards the valve of the inferior vena cava, to the posterior side of the AV node.
What is the Fossa Ovalis?
A dip in the interatrial septum; the remnants of the thin fibrous tissue covering the Foramen Ovale, which connects the RA and LA during foetal development.
What is the Crista Terminalis and what structure does it correspond to on the outside of the heart’s surface? What is its importance in EP procedures?
It’s the smooth ridge of muscle between the RA on the posterolateral wall of the RA, running from the orifice of the SVC to the orifice of the IVC. It corresponds to the terminal groove. It’s important in EP because it can be the cause of Atrial Flutter.
Where is Bachman’s bundle fed from?
The SA nodal branch of the coronary arteries (usually the RCA, can be the Cx).
What speed do Purkinje fibres conduct relative to other structures?
6 times faster than ventricular muscles and 150 times faster than AV nodal fibres.
What vessel feeds the posterior/inferior wall?
The PDA.
What is the most anterior structure of the heart?
The RV free wall.
What is the most posterior structure of the heart?
The CS.
Describe the location of epicardial fat pads.
There’s a heavy amount sitting around the base of the heart (the top), particularly around where the valves are. It also can be found where the coronary arteries run.
What is the Eustachian Ridge?
The inferior continuation of the Crista Terminalis that sits in the RA, running from the IVC to the septum. Known to have pacemaker cells so can be a source of AT.
