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anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

biological functions of the larynx? (3)

A
  1. valving (prevention of aspiration)
  2. thoracic fixation
  3. sound production
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2
Q

purposes of thoracic fixation? (3)

A
  1. build-up of ab pressure during physical exertion
  2. build-up of pressure for airway clearing
  3. intra-ab pressure for defecation/vomiting/birth
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3
Q

define tidal volume

A

in and out during typical cycle

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4
Q

define inspiratory reserve

A

max inhale beyond TV (complemental)

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5
Q

define expiratory reserve

A

max exhale beyond TV (supplemental)

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6
Q

define vital capacity

A

TV + IR + ER

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7
Q

define residual volume

A

air in resp system which cannot be expired in atmospheric pressure

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8
Q

how is total lung capacity measured?

A

via plethysmography

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9
Q

4 breathing types

A
  1. clavicular
  2. thoracic
  3. costal
  4. abdominal
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10
Q

which type of breathing is most desirable?

A

costo-abdominal

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11
Q

name the 9 laryngeal cartilages

A

1 = epiglottis
2 = thyroid
3 = cricoid
4-5 = arytenoid
6-7 = corniculate
7-8 = cuneiform

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12
Q

T or F: cartilage receives blood supply

A

false

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13
Q

what surrounds the laryngeal cartilages and provides them with nurtrients?

A

perichondrium

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14
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

cells inside cartilage

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15
Q

3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline (sturdy + ossifying)
  2. elastic (less sturdy + non-ossifying)
  3. fibrous (in tendons)
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16
Q

T or F: the hyoid bone is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone

A

true

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17
Q

what does the hyoid bone articulate with?

A

superior horn of the thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

what are the 3 layers of laryngeal protection?

A
  1. epiglottis
  2. ventricular folds
  3. vocal folds
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19
Q

what kind of cartilage is the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic

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20
Q

is the thyroid cartilage open at the back or the front?

A

back

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21
Q

what kind of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage made of?

A

hyaline

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22
Q

how pointy is the thyroid cartilage in a:
a) newborn
b) adult female
c) adult male

A

a) 130 dgrees
b) 110 degrees
c) 90 degrees

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23
Q

what kind of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage made of?

24
Q

which joints are lined with a synovial membrane? what is its purpose?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid joints
  • joint lubrication
25
movement directions of the cricoarytenoid joint? (2)
1. anterior-posterior 2. lateral
26
what kind of cartilage are the arytenoid cartilages made of?
hyaline
27
what does the anterior angle of the arytenoid cartilage form? what about the lateral angle?
- anterior angle: vocal process - lateral angle: muscular process
28
what is the shape of the base of the arytenoid cartilages? what does it form?
- concave cylinder - forms arytenoid portion of cricoarytenoid joint
29
what does the vocal process form?
the posterior attachments for the vocal ligament + thyroarytenoid
30
what does the muscular process form?
attachments for the lateral parts of the thyroarytenoid + PCA
31
what does the apex process form?
posterior part of the laryngeal sphincter mechanism
32
what do the corniculate cartilages attach to?
the superior tips of the arytenoids (synovial joint attachment)
33
where are the cuneiform cartilages located?
free margin of aryepiglottic folds
34
what is the conus elasticus?
membrane between the vocal ligament, cricoid, and arytenoid
35
what are the 3 laryngeal compartments?
1. laryngeal vestibule 2. laryngeal ventricle (bw true and false VFs) 3. inferior laryngeal ventricle (below VFs)
36
what do suprahyoid vs infrahyoid muscles do?
- suprahyoid: raise larynx - infrahyoid: lower larynx
37
what are the 5 suprahyoid muscles and their functions?
1. stylohyoid (raises hyoid posteriorly) 2. posterior digastricus (raises hyoid posteriorly) 3. anterior digastricus (raises hyoid anteriorly) 4. mylohyoid (raises hyoid anteriorly) 5. geniohyoid (raises hyoid anteriorly)
38
what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
1. thyrohyoid 2. sternothyroid 3. sternohyoid 4. omohyoid
39
what are the 5 intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
1. cricothyroid (pars recta + pars oblique) 2. thyroarytenoid (vocalis + muscularis) 3. interarytenoid (transverse + oblique) 4. lateral cricoarytenoid 5. PCA
40
cricothyroid parts (2) and function? (2)
- parts: pars recta and pars oblique - function: 1) decreases distance bw cricoid + thyroid, 2) lengthens vocal fold = higher pitch
41
thyroarytenoid parts (2) and function? (2)
- parts: thyromuscularis (lateral) and thyrovocalis (medial) - function: 1) contraction = shortens VFs by drawing arytenoids forward, 2) lowers F0 / increases loudness / tightens glottic closure
42
function of lateral cricoarytenoid?
- rocks arytenoids anteriorly and medially by redirecting vocal processes of arytenoids medially = adducts VFs
43
parts (2) and function of interarytenoid? (2)
- parts: transverse (unpaired) and oblique - function: 1) shortens interarytenoid distance, contributes to forceful closer of posterior glottis
44
function of posterior cricoarytenoid?
- only VF abductor by redirecting vocal processes of arytenoids laterally
45
describe the 4 layers of the VFs
1. epithelial layer (squamous cells) 2. superficial layer (reinke's space, soft/jelly) 3. intermediate layer (dense elastic) 4. deep layer (most dense collagen) note: 2-4 = "lamina propria" thyroarytenoid under all this
46
what are the intermediate + deep layer also known as?
vocal ligament
47
T or F: the vocal ligament is present from birth
false -- develops bw 1-4 years of age
48
what are the 3 vibratory divisions according to body-cover theory of VF vibration?
1. cover (epithelial + superficial) 2. transition (intermediate + deep) 3. body (vocalis muscle)
49
what are the 3 components of the mucosal wave?
1. horizontal (medial-lateral) 2. longitudinal (anterior-posterior/zipper-like) 3. vertical (inferior-superior)
50
what do the external and internal branches of the SLN innervate?
- internal: sensory to larynx - external: motor to cricothyroid
51
which cranial nerve are the SLN and RLN part of?
CN X (vagus)
52
what does the RLN innervate on the right and left side?
- right: other 4 intrinsic muscles - left: loops heart + other 4 intrinsic muscles
53
what are the 3 "all except" rules?
- all intrinsic muscles paired except transverse interarytenoid - all intrinsic muscles = adductors except PCA - all muscles innervated by RLN except cricothyroid (SLN)
54
higher body mass = ___ F0
lower
55
total vocal fold length for: a) newborns b) adult females c) adult males
a) 2.5-3mm b) 11-15mm c) 17-21mm
56
cricoid level in the neck for: a) newborns b) adult females c) adult males
a) C2-C3 b) C6 c) C7

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