ANATOMY Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
Standing position with face and palms forward and feet close together.
2
Q
What is the median (sagittal) plane?
A
A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left equal halves.
3
Q
Define coronal plane
A
A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
4
Q
What does the transverse (horizontal) plane do?
A
Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
5
Q
What is the difference between superficial and deep?
A
Superficial is near the surface; deep is away from the surface.
6
Q
What do external and internal refer to?
A
External refers to outside; internal refers to inside.
7
Q
What are proximal and distal?
A
Proximal is near the trunk; distal is away from the trunk.
8
Q
What is flexion?
A
Moving two ventral surfaces towards each other.
9
Q
What is extension?
A
Moving two ventral surfaces away from each other.
10
Q
What is adduction?
A
Movement towards the midline.
11
Q
What is abduction?
A
Movement away from the midline.
12
Q
What is the epidermis?
A
The outer tough layer of the skin.
13
Q
What is the dermis?
A
The inner layer of skin containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
14
Q
What are the functions of the skin?
A
- Protection from external environment
- Sensations
- Regulation of body temperature
15
Q
What is superficial fascia?
A
Loose connective tissue and fat containing nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
16
Q
What is deep fascia?
A
Dense connective tissue surrounding deeper structures.
17
Q
What type of bone is the humerus?
A
Long bone.
18
Q
What type of bone are carpal bones?
A
Short bones.
19
Q
What type of bone is the scapula?
A
Flat bone.
20
Q
What is a pneumatic bone?
A
A special type of bone filled with air, e.g., maxilla.
21
Q
What is a sesamoid bone?
A
A special type of bone found in a tendon of a muscle, e.g., patella.
22
Q
Define membranous ossification
A
A connective tissue membrane ossifies into bone.
23
Q
Define cartilaginous ossification
A
A cartilage model transforms into bone.
24
Q
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A
A disc of cartilage that adds new cells to the shaft, increasing bone length.
25
What type of joint allows no movement?
Gomphosis.
26
What is a syndesmosis joint?
A fibrous joint allowing minimal movement.
27
What is a suture joint?
A fibrous joint that ossifies with age.
28
What is a primary cartilaginous joint?
Formed of hyaline cartilage, allowing no movement.
29
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Formed of fibrocartilage, allowing minimal movement.
30
What is a synovial joint?
Joints connected with a capsule filled with synovial fluid.
31
What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
Uniaxial movement allowing only flexion and extension.
32
What type of movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
Multiaxial movement allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation.
33
What type of joint allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and minimal rotation?
Carpometacarpal of thumb
## Footnote
This joint is specifically designed for the thumb's unique movements.
34
What type of joint is known as a ball & socket joint?
Multiaxial
## Footnote
Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.
35
What are the features of synovial joints?
* Articular cartilages: layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces for smooth movement
* Capsule: formed of fibrous tissue connecting the articular surfaces
* Synovial membrane: lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication
* Ligaments: strong fibrous tissue for joint stability
## Footnote
Ligaments may be capsular, intracapsular, or extracapsular.
36
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Responsible for joint lubrication
## Footnote
It is secreted by the synovial membrane.
37
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
* Skeletal
* Cardiac
* Smooth
38
What distinguishes skeletal muscle fibers from cardiac and smooth muscle fibers?
Skeletal muscle fibers are striated, while cardiac muscle is also striated but involuntary, and smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.
39
What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?
The beginning of the muscle, usually proximal and fixed.
40
What is the insertion of a skeletal muscle?
The end of the muscle, usually distal and movable.
41
What are the forms of attachments for skeletal muscles?
* Fleshy: regular fleshy nature of the muscle
* Tendon: cylindrical cord-like fibrous tissue
* Aponeurosis: flat sheet-like fibrous tissue
* Raphe: meeting of 2 muscles in midline, mixture of fleshy and tendinous fibers
42
What are the types of skeletal muscle based on fiber arrangement?
* Parallel
* Fusiform
* Triangular
* Circular
* Pennate (Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate, Circumpennate)
43
What is the heart's primary function?
A muscular organ that pumps blood to different parts of the body.
44
What are the four chambers of the heart?
* Right atrium
* Left atrium
* Right ventricle
* Left ventricle
45
What is the significance of coronary arteries?
They supply blood to the heart. Occlusion may lead to angina.
46
What does the right atrium do?
Receives non-oxygenated blood from the body through SVC and IVC and transmits it to the right ventricle.
47
What does the left atrium do?
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins and transmits it to the left ventricle.
48
What role do arteries play in the cardiovascular system?
Transmitting blood away from the heart, usually carrying oxygenated blood.
49
What are capillaries?
Small thin-walled blood vessels allowing the movement of oxygen and nutrients from blood to intercellular tissues.
50
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
They collect intercellular fluid not drained back to capillaries and filter it through lymph nodes.
51
What is lymph?
The intercellular fluid drained with lymph vessels, clear and rich in lymphocytes.
52
What are lymph nodes?
Collections of lymph tissues interrupting the lymph vessels course and filtering the lymph.
53
What are the parts of the nose?
* Roof
* Floor
* Median septum
* Lateral walls (with conchae)
* Anterior nasal openings
* Posterior nasal openings
54
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, often due to inadequate connection to the nose.
55
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube extending from the base of the skull to the C6 vertebra, involved in air transmission.
56
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube posterior to the nose, oral cavity, and larynx, extending from the base of the skull to C6 vertebra.
## Footnote
The pharynx has three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
57
What does the nasopharynx do?
Transmits air from the nose to the oropharynx and communicates with the middle ear through the Eustachian tube.
## Footnote
It contains lymphoid tissue called adenoids.
58
What is the function of the oropharynx?
Transmits air from the nasopharynx to the larynx and food from the oral cavity to the laryngopharynx.
## Footnote
It lies behind the oral cavity.
59
What does the laryngopharynx do?
Transmits food from the oropharynx to the esophagus.
## Footnote
It lies behind the larynx and contains lymphoid tissue called tonsils.
60
What is the larynx composed of?
Cartilages, membranes, and muscles.
## Footnote
It begins at C3 vertebra and ends at C6 vertebra, continuing as the trachea.
61
What is the length and diameter of the trachea?
12 cm long and 12 mm in diameter.
## Footnote
It has C-shaped cartilages in its wall to keep it open.
62
What distinguishes the right bronchus from the left bronchus?
Right bronchus is shorter (2.5 cm), wider, and more vertical, while left bronchus is longer (5 cm), narrower, and more horizontal.
## Footnote
Foreign bodies are more commonly lodged in the right bronchus.
63
How many lungs do humans have?
Two lungs: right and left.
## Footnote
Each lung is cone-shaped with an apex and base.
64
What is the role of the pleura?
A double layer of serous sac with a thin film of fluid for lubrication of lung movement.
## Footnote
Each lung is covered with pleura.
65
What forms the roof of the mouth?
The palate, consisting of the hard palate (anterior) and soft palate (posterior).
## Footnote
Both are covered with mucous membrane.
66
What is the function of the tongue?
A muscular organ that aids in taste and movement of food.
## Footnote
It has extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.
67
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
Three pairs: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
## Footnote
They are exocrine glands secreting saliva.
68
What is the length of the esophagus?
25 cm long.
## Footnote
It extends from the laryngopharynx to the stomach.
69
What shape is the stomach?
J-shaped.
## Footnote
It has two openings: cardiac and pyloric.
70
What are the parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
## Footnote
The small intestine is about 6 meters long.
71
What is the function of the liver?
The largest gland in the body, managing nutrient levels, breaking down toxins, and secreting bile.
## Footnote
It weighs about 1.5 kg in adults.
72
What does the biliary system do?
Transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the duodenum.
## Footnote
Bile is secreted via the hepatic and cystic ducts.
73
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the narrowest part of the gastrointestinal tract.
Appendix.
## Footnote
It extends from the cecum for 1-7 inches.
74
What are the components of the large intestine?
Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
## Footnote
The large intestine is about 60 inches long.
75
What is the gall bladder?
A cyst found below the inferior surface of the liver, formed of fundus, body, and neck.
76
What forms the common bile duct?
Union of common hepatic duct and cystic duct.
77
Where does the common bile duct unite?
With the main pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla.
78
What is the function of the pancreas?
A mixed gland that secretes insulin (endocrine) and enzymes (exocrine).
79
What are the parts of the pancreas?
* Head
* Neck
* Body
* Tail
80
What is the main pancreatic duct?
It extends along the whole length of the pancreas and ends by uniting with the common bile duct.
81
What is the function of the spleen?
A lymphoid organ related anatomically to the gastrointestinal tract.
82
What are the dimensions of the spleen?
12X6X3 cm.
83
What is the function of the kidney?
To filter blood from waste products and excess water, secreting it as urine.
84
What are the two main parts of the kidney?
* Cortex (outer part)
* Medulla (inner part)
85
What is the nephron?
The unit of filtration in the kidney.
86
What is the length of the ureter?
25 cm long.
87
What is the shape of the urinary bladder?
Pyramidal with 4 surfaces.
88
What happens when the urinary bladder is filled with 300 cc?
It gives an impulse for urination.
89
What are the three openings of the urinary bladder?
* One for each ureter
* One for the urethra
90
What is the length of the male urethra?
15-20 cm long.
91
What are the parts of the male urethra?
* Prostatic (3 cm)
* Membranous (2 cm)
* Penile (10-15 cm)
92
What is the function of the testis?
Concerned with sperm formation.
93
What is the length of the epididymis?
6 meters long.
94
What is the vas deferens?
A 45 cm long duct that carries sperm.
95
What is the role of seminal vesicles?
Responsible for about 70% of semen volume.
96
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
Union of ampulla of vas and seminal vesicle.
97
What does the prostate gland surround?
The upper part of the urethra below the urinary bladder.
98
What is the function of the bulbo-urethral glands?
Secretes mucoid secretion in the urethra.
99
What is the ovary's size?
3X2X1 cm.
100
What is the function of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?
Receive the ovum from the ovary.
101
What are the parts of the fallopian tubes?
* Infundibulum
* Ampulla
* Isthmus
* Intrauterine part
102
What is the uterus?
A hollow muscular organ 3X2X1 inches.
103
What are the parts of the uterus?
* Fundus
* Body
* Cervix
104
What is the function of the vagina?
Transmit the sperms to the uterus and deliver the baby.
105
What is a neuron?
The single unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body and nerve fibers.
106
What are the types of nerve fibers?
* Dendrites
* Axon
107
What is a synapse?
A meeting between two neurons.
108
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
109
What is the function of commissural connections in the CNS?
Connecting similar areas in the 2 halves.
110
What do projecting connections in the CNS do?
Connecting different parts of CNS (e.g. between spinal cord & cerebrum).
111
Define 'synapse'.
A meeting between 2 neurons.
112
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
* Central nervous system (CNS)
* Peripheral nervous system
113
What is the central nervous system (CNS) protected by?
Bones and covered with meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
114
List the parts of the central nervous system.
* Brain
* Spinal cord
115
What are the three main parts of the brain?
* Cerebrum
* Cerebellum
* Brain stem
116
Name the two parts of the brain stem.
* Midbrain
* Pons
* Medulla
117
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
* Frontal
* Parietal
* Temporal
* Occipital
118
What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?
Motor functions, speech & higher mental functions (personality, behavior, will…etc).
119
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
General sensory functions & taste.
120
What is the role of the temporal lobe?
Hearing & olfaction.
121
What does the occipital lobe primarily handle?
Vision.
122
Describe the structure of the cerebellum.
Butterfly shaped, formed of 2 cerebellar hemispheres connected with a vermis.
123
What are the three functional lobes of the cerebellum?
* Vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
* Spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
* Cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)
124
What does the vestibulocerebellum manage?
Equilibrium.
125
What is the function of the spinocerebellum?
Regulation of muscle tone.
126
What does the cerebrocerebellum control?
Planning & control of movements.
127
What is the narrow cavity found in the midbrain called?
Cerebral aqueduct.
128
How many pairs of cranial nerves attach to the pons?
4 pairs (V-VIII).
129
What does the medulla connect to cerebellum via?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle.
130
How many segments does the spinal cord have?
31 segments.
131
What are the two roots of spinal nerves?
* Post (dorsal) root (sensory)
* Ant (ventral) root (motor)
132
What type of nerve is formed when the two roots unite?
Spinal nerve (mixed).
133
What is the function of the cranial nerve I (Olfactory)?
Smell.
134
What is the function of the cranial nerve II (Optic)?
Vision.
135
What is the function of the cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)?
Motor to the muscles of the eye; Parasympathetic to the eye.
136
What is the function of the cranial nerve V (Trigeminal)?
Motor to the muscle of mastication; Sensory to the face.
137
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral & 1 coccygeal).
138
What does the post (dorsal) ramus supply?
Muscles & skin of the back (post to vertebral column).
