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Anatomy Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer that protects the heart and secretes a lubricating serous fluid

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2
Q

Myocardium

A

The middle layer, which contracts to pump blood

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3
Q

Endocardium

A

The innermost layer that lines the chambers and valves

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4
Q

Endothelial cells

A

Line blood vessels and help regulate blood flow, exchange, and immune responses

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5
Q

AV node

A

The electrical relay station between the atria and the ventricles, found in the right atrium

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6
Q

SA node

A

the heart’s natural pacemaker — it sets the rhythm and pace for the heartbeat, found in right atrium

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7
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Top number in a blood pressure reading and represents the pressure in your arteries when the heart contracts (beats) and pumps blood out

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8
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Arterial pressure when the heart is resting. Bottom number

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9
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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10
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and then returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

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11
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias

A

Problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat

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12
Q

Bradyarrhythmias

A

A type of arrhythmia where the heart beats too slowly, typically under 60 beats per minute

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13
Q

Complete atrioventricular block (AV block)

A

A type of bradyarrhythmia where the electrical signal between the atria and ventricles is delayed or completely blocked at the AV node or below. the same effect happens to the left side of the heart.

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14
Q

Sinus Bradycardia

A

A type of slow heart rhythm (bradyarrhythmia) that originates from the SA node

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15
Q

Junctional / Nodal rhythms

A

Heart rhythms that originate from the AV node area instead of the SA node. Usually happens when the SA node fails, so the AV node takes over as the backup pacemaker

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16
Q

Tachyarrhythmias

A

Pulse rates that are abnormally fast

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17
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

Often caused by fever or infection. A fast but regular heart rhythm from the SA node

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18
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia

A

Very fast heart rhythm that starts above the ventricles

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19
Q

Conduction irregularities

A

Irregular pulses that often occur post-operatively and are usually not significant

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20
Q

Premature contractions

A

Early heartbeats that happen before the normal heartbeat is expected

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21
Q

Tunica intima

A

The innermost layer of a blood vessel

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22
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle layer of a blood vessel

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23
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

The outermost layer of a blood vessel

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24
Q

Elastic arteries (Structure)

A

Includes the aorta and major branches. Tunica media has more elastin than any other vessel. They are the largest vessels in the arterial system

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25
Elastic arteries (Function)
Stretch when blood is forced out of the heart, and recoil under low pressure
26
Muscualr arteries (structure)
Includes the arteries that branch off the elastic arteries. Tunica media has a higher proportion of smooth muscle cells and fewer elastic fibers as compared to elastic arteries
27
Muscular arteries (function)
Regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction / vasodilation
28
Arterioles (structure)
Tiny vessels that lead to the capillary beds. Tunica media is thin but composed almost entirely of smooth muscle cells
29
Venules (structure)
Tiny vessels that exit the capillary beds. Thin, porous walls; few muscle cells and elastic fibers
30
Venules (function)
Empty blood into larger veins. Collect blood from capillary beds and eventually turn into veins to bring blood back to heart.
31
Veins (structure)
Thin tunica media and tunica intima, wide lumen, and valves prevent backflow of blood
32
Veins (function)
Carry blood into larger veins
33
Arterioles (function)
Primary vessels involved in vasoconstriction/vasodilation. Control blood flow to capillaries
34
Turbulent blood flow
A messy, swirling type of blood movement that can signal or cause cardiovascular issues
35
Laminar blood flow
The quiet, streamlined, energy-efficient way blood normally moves through healthy vessels
36
Intercellular clefts
Small gaps or spaces between the endothelial cells that line capillaries and other blood vessels
37
Continuous capillaries
The most common type of capillary in the body, known for their tight, uninterrupted endothelial lining
38
Fenestrated capillaries
Have tiny pores (fenestrations) in their endothelial lining, allowing for increased permeability compared to continuous capillaries
39
Sinusoidal capillaries
The most permeable type of capillary, designed to allow the exchange of large molecules and even cells between blood and surrounding tissues
40
Peripheral resistance
The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood as a result of friction
41
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
Oxygen-carrying cells that help fuel your body’s tissues and organs, thanks to the protein hemoglobin
42
Hematocrit
The percentage of your blood volume made up of red blood cells
43
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Small, cell fragments in the blood that play a critical role in blood clotting and wound healing
44
Erythropoiesis
The production of red blood cells
45
Erythropoietin
Produced by the liver and kidneys, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow
46
Myeloid stem cells
Bone marrow precursors that create most blood cells, including red cells, platelets, and several white cells
47
Erythroblasts
Immature red blood cell precursors found in the bone marrow during the process of erythropoiesis
48
Reticulocytes
Immature red blood cells (RBCs) that have just been released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream
49
Lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell (WBC) that play a central role in the immune system, particularly in recognizing and fighting infections, viruses, and abnormal cells
50
Monocyte
A type of white blood cell (WBC) that helps protect the body by engulfing and digesting pathogens, damaged cells, and debris
51
Granulocyte
A category of white blood cells (WBCs) that contain visible granules in their cytoplasm and play key roles in the innate immune response, especially during infections and inflammation
52
Hemoglobin
The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
53
Protoporphyin
A precursor molecule that plays a critical role in the production of heme, the oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and certain enzymes
54
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen — it’s how your blood carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body
55
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide, helping move CO₂ from tissues back to the lungs for removal
56
Sagittal plane
Divides the body vertically into left and right sections
57
Coronal (frontal) plane
Divides the body vertically into front and back
58
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower halves
59
Medial
Nearer to the midline of the body in anatomical position. EX: The pinky finger is medial to the thumb
60
Lateral
Opposite of medial
61
Proximal
Closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment
62
Distal
Opposite of proximal
63
Cephalad
Toward the head or in the direction of the head
64
Caudad
Towards the tail or the feet (opposite of cephalad)
65
Superior
Above or closer to the head
66
Inferior
Below or closer to the feet
67
Right hypochondriac
Right kidney, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine
68
Epigastric
Stomach, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas, spleen, small intestine
69
Left hypochondriac
Left kidney, spleen, pancreas, and colon
70
Right lumbar
Ascending colon, liver, gallbladder
71
Umbilical
Small intestine, duodenum, umbilicus
72
Left lumbar
Descending colon, left kidney
73
Right iliac
Cecum, appendix
74
Hypogastric
Bladder, female internal reproductive organs, sigmoid colon
75
Left iliac
Descending and sigmond colon
76
Right upper quadrant
Duodenum, part of the ascending and transverse colon, hepatic flexure, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (head), right kidney, and right adreneal gland
77
Right lower quadrant
Cecum, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube, and right ovary
78
Left upper quadrant
Stomach, liver (left lobe), Pancreas (body), left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic flexure, spleen, part of the transverse and descending colon
79
Left lower quadrant
Left uterine, left fallopian tube, left ovary, part of the descending colon, and sigmoid colon
80
Ventral cavity
Comprises both the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
81
Thoracic cavity
The bottom is the diaphragm, and the top is at the collarbone area. Contains the lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland
82
Abdominopelvic cavity
Starts at the top of the diaphragm and ends at the pelvic bones, and is separated into two parts- the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
83
Dorsal cavity
Located on the posterior aspect of the body and contains the brain and spine
84
Conductive zone
Brings inhaled air to the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs
85
External respiration
Exchange of gas between the lungs and blood
86
Internal respiration
Exchange of gas between the blood tissues
87
Gas exchange
The loading of oxygen into pulmonary blood and the removal of carbon dioxide
88
Thermoregulation
A job of the respiratory system, is the regulation of body temperature
89
Parietal pleura
Lines the chest cavity
90
Visceral pleura
Covers the surface of the lungs
91
Mediastinum
Central space in the thoracic (chest) cavity that lies between the two lungs
92
Hilum
Central area on the medial side of each lung where important structures enter and exit the lung — kind of like the lung's "gateway"
93
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where oxygen goes in and carbon dioxide comes out
94
Respiratory membrane
Thin wall where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves — it’s where breathing becomes life
95
Boyles law
When temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas increases as its volume decreases, and vice versa
96
Inspiration
Inspiration = breathing in — lungs expand, air rushes in
97
Negative-pressure breathing
Pulling air into the lungs by lowering lung pressure — like creating a vacuum
98
Expiration
Expiration = breathing out — lungs shrink, pressure rises, and air is pushed out

TEAS (5 decks)

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