ANATOMY 2 Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
hip bone made of?
A
ilium
pubis
ischium
2
Q
intertrochanteric line?
A
connects 2 trochanters on femur
3
Q
head of femur articulates with what?
A
articulates with acetabulum of pelvis - hip joint
4
Q
superficial veins of Lower limb?
A
great and lesser saphenous veins
5
Q
explain pathway of small saphenous vein?
A
POSTERIOR and drains into popliteal vein and posterior to lateral malleolus
6
Q
explain pathway of greater saphenous vein?
A
medial
drains in femoral vein
anterior to medial malleolus at ankle
posterior to medial condyle at knee
7
Q
what do both saphenous veins begin as?
A
dorsal venous arches of foot
8
Q
3 main lymph nodes of lower limb?
A
superficial inguinal
deep inguinal
popliteal
9
Q
lymph vessels along great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein are?
A
great s - go to superficial inguinal nodes
small s - go to popliteal nodes
10
Q
what each dermatome L1-S4 covers?
A
l1 - back and groin
l2- back and front of thigh to knee
l3 - anterior thigh and knee and medial upper lower leg
l4 - lateral thigh, medial leg, dorsal of foot
l5 - big toe, lateral leg, medial half of sole, and first few toes
s1 - buttocks, thigh posterior, leg posterior, little toe
s2 - same as s1
s3 - groin, medial thigh to knee
s4 - genitals
11
Q
hip joint type of synovial?
A
ball and socket
12
Q
hip joint between?
A
pelvic acetabulum and head of femur
13
Q
acetabular labrum?
where?
A
fibrocartilahous collar that deepens acetabulum
lines on periphery of acetabulum
14
Q
acetabulum?
A
depression on inferolateral aspect of pelvis
15
Q
3 main ligaments of hip joint?
A
iliofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubofemoral
16
Q
role of iliofemoral ligament?
A
reduce hyperextension
17
Q
pubofemoral ligament role?
A
reduce excessive abduction and adduction
18
Q
ischiofemoral ligament role?
A
prevents hyperextension and holds femoral head
19
Q
posterior and anterior ligaments of hip - which one is which?
A
posterior - ischiofemoral
anterior - iliofemoral and pubofemoral
20
Q
hip flexion by what muscles?
A
iliopsoas
rectus femoris
sartorius
Pectineus
21
Q
what makes up iliopsoas?
how it attaches?
A
iliacus
psoas major
passes downwards to attach to greater trochanter of femur through common tendon
22
Q
how Pectineus attaches?
A
from pubis bone to attach to femur distally
23
Q
hip extension by what muscles?
A
Gluteus Maximus
hamstrings - 3
posterior part of Adductor Magnus
24
Q
main extensor of hip?
A
Gluteus Maximus
25
sacral plexus is what?
l4-s3
26
adductor muscles of thigh ?
```
by medial compartment of thigh
adductor brevis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
gracilis
obturator externes
```
27
adductor compartment supplied by ?
obturator nerve
| except posterior Adductor Magnus
28
posterior to anterior of adductor muscles?
adductor magnus - p
adductor brevis
Adductor Longus - a
29
obturator externes located where?
small and superiorly In medial compartment of thigh
30
gracilis position?
most superficial and medial of medial thigh compartment
31
hip abduction by?
deep gluteal muscles
32
gluteus muscles? 4
Gluteus Maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
piriformis
33
abductors compartment supplied by?
sacral plexus
34
carry out on hip
medial/lateral rotation
extension/flexion
adduct and abduct
do it
35
muscles of external and internal rotations positioned where?
external rotation - posterior side of hip joint
| internal rotation - anterior side of hip joint
36
medially rotation of hip muscles? 3
tensor fascia lata
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
37
externally rotation of hip muscles? 5
```
piriformis
obturator internus
obturator externus
superior/inferior gamelli
Quadratus Femoris
```
38
hamstrings name? 3
semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
biceps femoris
39
main extensor of knee?
quadriceps Femoris
40
anterior thigh muscles?
quadriceps femoris
41
parts of quads? 4
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
42
what innervates anterior thigh?
femoral nerve
43
rectus femoris action?
flexes hip joint
| extend knee joint
44
what happens to quads?
4 parts of woads unite to form tendon proximal to patella/kneecap
distal to patella continued as patellar tendon
inserts into tibia
45
patellar tendon attaches where on tibia?
tibial tuberosity
46
action of quads?
flex hip joint
| extend knee joint
47
sartorius muscle runs where and how in compartment?
inferomedially in thigh
| runs most superficial in anterior compartment of thigh
48
attachments of sartorius muscle?
ASIS TO superior and medial surface of tibia
49
pes anserinus?
refers to the conjoined tendons of three muscles of the thigh
inserts on medial aspect of tibia
50
3 muscles of peas anserinus?
sartorius
gracilis
semitendinosus
51
3 action of sartorius on hip?
flexor at BOTH HIP AND KNEE
abductor
laterally rotate thigh at hip
52
how does sartorius muscle flex both knee and hip?
twists down crossing hip anteriorly
| knee joint posteriorly-medially
53
adductor canal is what?
PASSEGEWAY HOW?
structures that pass through it?
and go where?
```
adductor canal of adductor magnus
passageway fROM
ANTERIOR THIGH TO POSTERIOR LEG
femoral artery
femoral vein saphenous nerve
```
INTO POPLITEAL FOSSA
54
femoral triangle found where?
on superomedial aspect of anterior thigh
55
medial border of femoral triangle?
Adductor Longus muscle
56
lateral border of femoral triangle?
Sartorius
57
superior border/base of femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament
58
floor of femoral triangle?
Pectineus
| iliopsoas
59
structures pass through the femoral triangle?
lateral to medial
femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein and femoral canal
60
femoral sheath? where and what
funnel shaped connective tissue surrounds the proximal parts of femoral vessels - not nerve
with femoral canal most medial
61
explain border of structures in femoral sheath?
femoral artery - lateral
femoral vein
femoral canal - medial
62
contents of femoral canal?
fat/connective tissue
lymph vessels
empty space
deep LN - lacunar
63
femoral artery continuation of what artery?
| and when does it become femoral artery?
external iliac artery
when crosses under/behind inguinal ligament and enters femoral triangle
64
femoral artery enters midway between what two bones?
ASIS
and
pubic symphysis
65
deep femoral artery branch?
profunda femoris
66
femoral vein continuation of what vein? then becomes?
popliteal which becomes external iliac vein
67
two important veins that drain into femoral triangle?
porfunda femoris vein
| greater saphenous vein
68
how does femoral verve enter triangle to vessels?
lateral
69
adductor canal from where to where?
from apex of femoral triangle
TO
adductor hiatus
70
what does the adductor canal allow?
allow anterior femoral artery to become posterior popliteal artery
71
how do the roots of lumbar plexus arise?
through the psoas major muscle
72
obturator nerve -
motor to?
sensory to?
roots
motor and sensory - medial thigh
l2,3,4
73
femoral nerve-
motor to?
sensory to?
roots
motor - anterior thigh
sensory - anterior thigh and medial leg
l2,3,4
74
main sensory nerve from lumbar plexus?
lateral cutaneous nerve - l2,3
| anterior/lateral thigh down to knee
75
roots of sensory nerve - lumbar?
l2,3
76
pelvic girdle made up of?
| and how joined
sacrum
right and left hip bones
anteriorly by pubic symphysis
and posteriorly by sacroiliac joints
77
what sciatic foramen for entering leaving PELVIS & PERINEUM?
PELVIS - greater sciatic foramen
| perineum - lesser sciatic foramen
78
how are both the sciatic foramen seperated?
by Sacrospinous ligament
79
innervation of gluteal muscles?
Gluteus Maximus - inferior gluteal nerve
gluteus medius/minimus/tensor fascia lata = superior gluteal nerve
80
deep muscles of hip do what?
laterally/externally rotate and stabilise hip
81
main action of gluteal Maximus ?
extensor of thigh and laterally rotate
82
action of gluteal medius/minimus/tensor fasciae latae?
abduct
medial rotators
of hip joint
83
fascia latae does what on thigh?
extends from front of thigh and thickens laterally to form iliotibial tract
84
what 2 muscles attach to iliotibial tract?
tensor fascia lata
| Gluteus Maximus
85
why iliotibial tract important?
provides stabilisation to lateral aspect of knee
86
iliotibial tract acts as what?
extensor
abductor
lateral rotator of hip
87
sacral plexus is?
l4,l5
| s1 - s4
88
sacral plexus lies where?
anterior to piriformis muscle
89
lumbosacral trunk is?
l4,l5 that meets sacral roots
90
sacral plexus supplies what?
posterior aspect of lower limb plus perineum and pelvic muscles
91
superior gluteal nerve supply?
| roots?
l4-s1
gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
tensor fascia lata
92
inferior gluteal nerve supply?
| roots
l5-s2
| gluteal maximus
93
superior and inferior gluteal nerves are sensory or motor?
both only motor NOT sensory
94
what other extra nerves supply lower limb? 4
nerve to piriformis - s1,2
posterior cutaneous nerve to thigh - sensory
nerve to Quadratus Femoris - l4,5,s1
nerve to obturator internus - l5,s1,s2
95
root values of sciatic nerve?
l4-s3
96
how does the sciatic nerve follow?
through greater sciatic foramen -
inferior to Gluteus Maximus muscle,
behind deep abductors of hip,
between ischial tuberosity & greater trochanter of femur
enter posterior compartment of thigh and supply hamstrings
97
what does sciatic nerve split into and where?
at apex popliteal fossa
Common Peroneal nerves/common fibular
tibial nerves
98
sciatica means?
l5 vertebrae - compression of nerve roots -
| electric shock pain passing from back down to toes
99
innervation for hamstrings?
sciatic nerve
| l4-s3
100
hamstrings? name 3
biceps femoris
semitendinous
semimebranous
101
hamstrings action?
extend at hip
| flex at knee
102
explain the position of biceps Femoris?
| and structure?
most lateral in posterior compartment of thigh
| 2 heads - long and short
103
what artery supplies posterior muscle compartment?
perforating branches of profound Femoris artery - branch of femoral
104
biceps Femoris explain what happens to its heads?
long and short heads form tendon one lateral posterior knee and insert into head of fibula
105
knee joint type of synovial?
hinge
106
what muscle mostly stabilises knee joint?
quadriceps - rectus femoris
107
knee joint formed by articulations?
between patella, femur and tibia
108
lateral collateral ligament extends from where to where?
from lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of head of fibula
109
why does lateral collateral ligament not connect to lateral meniscus?
tendon of popliteal muscle passes deep to LCL
110
medial collateral ligament extend from where to where?
from medial epicondyle of femur to medial surface of tibia - to attach to medial epicondyle of tibia
111
other attachements of mcl? and why is this important?
to medial meniscus of knee
restrain over medial rotation
112
cruciate ligaments connect what?
connect femur and tibia
113
anterior cruciate ligament ACL prevents what?
prevents femur from sliding anterior
| prevents anterior dislocation of tibia onto femur
114
posterior cruciate ligament PCL prevents what?
prevents posterior dislocation of tibia onto femur
115
popliteal muscle function and role?
in helping release the fully locked knee
| rotate femur laterally on tibia
116
what are the menisci?
crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage directly on articular surface of tibia
117
function of menisci?
deepen articular surface of tibia and increase stability of joint and act as shock absorber
118
patella is what? where?
sesamoid bone - anterior in knee joint
119
patella anchor point for what?
anchor point for quadratus femorus tendon superiorly
| patellar ligament inferiorly
120
patellar articular surface connects with what?
posteriorly with femur
121
what movement allows patella to move?
flexion not extension
122
what bursa communicates with articular cavity of knee joint?
supra patellar
123
bursa of knee?
prepatellar
deep infrapatellar
superficial infrapatellar
124
positions of fibula and tibia?
| and main function of both?
fibula - lateral
fibula acts as attachment for muscles
tibia is a weight bearing bone
125
```
what is between fibula and tibia?
function of it?
```
interosseous membrane
| provides stability to bones
126
superior/proximal tibio-fibular joint - what type? between what?
plane synovial joint
between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
127
inferior/distal tibia-fibular joint - what type? between what?
fibrous joint
| between fibular notch of distal tibia and fibula
128
compartments of lower leg? 3
anterior
posterior
lateral
129
what anterior bony prominence below knee joint?
tibial tuberosity
130
what tendon attaches to tibial tuberosity?
patella tendon
131
what makes up the medial and lateral malleolus?
medial - inner side of ankle - tibia
lateral - outer side of ankle - fibula
132
```
carry put on ankle
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
inversion/eversion
medial/lateral rotation
```
dorsiflexion - move up
plantar flexion - move down
eversion - face laterally
inversion - face medially
medial rotation - move in
lateral rotation - move out
133
anterior compartment of lower leg made up of? 4
tibias anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
134
where does tibias anterior lie?
along lateral surface of tibia
135
what EDL & EHL do?
EDL - lateral toes - 4 EXTEND
| EHL - big toe - extend
136
Fibularis tertius?
| where
found at most inferior part of EDL
| not in all individuals
137
EDL where in anterior compartment?
lateral and deep to TA
138
ACTION OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LOWER LEG?
DORSIFLEX AND INVERT ANKLE JOINT
| EXTEND TOES
139
DIVISIONS OF SCIATIC NERVE?
tibial nerve
| common fibular/peroneal nerve
140
two divisions of popliteal artery?
anterior tibial
| posterior tibial artery
141
common fibular nerve divides into?
superficial and deep fibular nerve
142
what innervates anterior compartment of lower leg?
deep fibular nerve
143
where does sciatic nerve bifurcate?
at apex of popliteal fossa
144
lateral compartment of lower leg made up of? 2
| explain superificial one?
Fibularis longus - superficial
| Fibularis brevis
145
action of lateral compartment of lower leg?
evert leg and plantar flexion of ankle
146
what nerve innervates lateral compartment of lower leg?
superificial fibular nerve
147
when dorsiflexion is damaged what happens?
foot drop
148
lesser saphenous vein ascends how? and drains into?
posterior aspect of leg and drains into popliteal vein
149
greater saphenous vein ascends how? and drains into?
medial aspect of leg and drains into femoral vein
150
dorsalis pedis is what?
continued from what?
where?
continuation of anterior tibial artery
palpated between 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones
pulse
151
posterior tibial pulse palpated how?
| continuation of what?
behind medial malleolus
| continued from posterior tibial artery
152
ankle joint type?
hinge synovial joint
153
mortise explain?
tibia and fibula bound bound together by tibiofibular ligament and form socket covered in hyaline cartilage referred as mortise
154
talus covered by what?
with hyaline cartilage
155
articulating surfaces of ankle explain?
distal end of fibula and tibia with superior part of talus bone
156
when is ankle joint unstable and stable ?
dorsiflexion - anterior part of talus held in mortise - JOINT MORE STABLE
plantar flexion - posterior part of talus held in mortise - joint LESS STABLE
157
2 main ligaments of ankle?
| explain their positions/attachments
medial - attached to medial malleolus
| lateral - attached from lateral malleolus
158
medial ligament explain structure?
| aka?
4 ligaments within
| deltoid ligament
159
weakest ankle ligament?
anterior talofibular ligament
160
lateral ligament explain structure/made up of?
calcaneofibular ligament
| posterior & anterior talofibular ligament
161
ankle sprain caused by what?
excessive inversion n& plantar flexion - combo
162
movements that occur at subtalar joint?
eversion and inversion
163
main movements at ankle joint ?
plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
164
muscles that allow dorsiflexion?
anterior compartment of leg -
tibialis anterior
ehl
edl
165
muscles that allow plantar flexion?
```
posterior compartment of leg
gastrocnemius
soles
plantaris
posterior tibialis
```
166
where does femoral vein lie to femoral artery in triangle?
The vein lies medial to the femoral artery at the base of the triangle but as it approaches the apex of the triangle
van
medial to lateral
167
hip flexors main? 5 and where?
rectus femoris, iliacus, psoas, iliocapsularis, and sartorius muscles
on top of thigh
168
dipping gait die to issue where?
issue with hip abductors
| gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
169
what superficial vein found on lateral aspect of foot?
smaller saphenous
170
popliteal fossa?
posterior aspect of knee space fro entrance and leaving of structure from thigh to lower leg
171
popliteal artery in relation to popliteal vein?
ARTERY IS deeper and medial
172
superior and inferior borders of popliteal fossa?
superior medial - semimembanosus and semitendinosus
superior lateral - biceps femoris
inferior - gastrocnemius - medial and lateral head
173
contents of popliteal fossa? 6
```
fat
popliteal LN
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
```
174
popliteal artery continuation of what? and from when?
continued from femoral artery
| emerges from adductor hiatus
175
what is superficial and deep contents in popliteal fossa?
tibial and common fibular nerve most superficial
| popliteal artery is deepest
176
superficial layer of muscles in posterior lower leg? 4
gastrocnemius
soleus
planters
achilles tendon
177
explain pathway of gastrocnemius?
2 heads - medlal and lateral converge and form single belly and combine with soleus to form achilles tendonwhihc inserts into heel bone - calcaneus
178
what nerve innervates posterior lower leg?
tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
179
action of posterior lower leg? 2
plantar flex and invert foot
180
plantaris muscle? runs where? innervation? action?
long tendon on posterior lower leg - looks like a nerve
not present in a few
runs between Gastrocnemius and soleus
plantar flex at ankle
181
popliteus action? and where?
superiorly and at base of popliteal fossa - posterior leg
laterally rotates femur on tibia
unlocking knee to allow flexion
182
what DEEP muscles of posterior leg? 4
popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
183
tibialis posterior where?
deep between FHL & FDL
184
FLEXOR hallucis and digitorum Longus do what?
```
FHL = flex big toe
FDL = flex lateral 4 toes
```
185
explain DOOR TO FOOT?
list contents - 5
posterior to medial malleolus is covered by flexor retinaculum that allows structures to pass to SOLE of foot
-FHL
-FDL
-tibilais posterior
tibial nerve
posterior tibial artery
186
where feel for posterior tibial artery pulse?
behind medial malleolus
187
what is the deep fascia of the sole of the feet? and explain its function
plantar fascia - thick connective tissue apneourosis supports arch on bottom of foot
188
ankle joint carries out what actions?2
| TYPE?
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
HINGE synovial
189
subtler joint what actions occur here? 2
inversion
| eversion
190
talonavicular joint where? type?
ball and socket synovial joint between talus and navicular bone - subtalar joint
191
talocalcaneal joint where? type?
plane synovial joint
| between talus and calcaneus - subtalar joint
192
explain categories of bones of foot ?
TARSALS - talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms(3),calcaneus
METATARSALS
PHALANGES
193
arches of foot - types? function? supported by?
longtidunal and transverse arches
allows them to spring and bear weight of body and act as shock absorbers
supported by ligaments, tendons and bones
194
important ligament of foot arches?
spring ligament
| plantar calcanei-navicular
195
pes cavus and pes planus mean?
pes cavus - high arches
pes clavus - flat feet
196
1st layer of plantar foot muscles?
action
name? 3
most superficial layer under plantar fascia
to abduct and flex
abductor hallucis
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digitorum brevis
197
2nd layer pf plantar foot muscles?
name? 3
action
flexors and has the neuromuscular bundle too(tibial)
FHL
FDL
qaudratus plantae
198
what are the terminal branches of tibial nerve?
medial plantar and lateral plantar
199
what nerves innverate intrinsic muscles of foot?
medial and lateral plantar
200
branch of posterior tibial?
medial and lateral plantar
201
layer 3 & 4 of plantar foot explain actions?
L3 - flex and adduct big toe and mini toe(TOES)
| L4 - deepest interossei muscle - PAD DAB
202
where is psoas and iliac present in relation to obturator and femoral?
medial to psoas - obturator
| between iliacus and psoas - femoral
203
medial compartment of thigh is what type of muscle?
adductors
204
main flexor of hip?
iliopsoas - iliacus and psoas
205
floor of femoral triangle formed by? 3
and their positions?
psoas major
iliacus
Pectineus
PPI - m to l
206
base of femoral triangle formed by?
inguinal ligament
207
what 3 muscles attach to the pes anserinus?
pes anserinus is wha?
gracilis
sartorius
semitendinosus
medial and anterior part of tibia
208
Sartorius actions on hip and knee?
| runs how?
runs obliquely
from hip to knee
flex both
but lateral rotate and abduct hip too
209
fascia lata thick where?
only thick on lateral part
210
iliotibial tract runs how?
from ilium to tibial
211
femoral artery found where?
mid inguinal part
212
rectus femoris on its own is what action?
| but what action if combined with all others?
flexor of hip
| quads is extensor
213
hamstrings action on hip and knee?
flexor of knee
| extensor of hip
214
gluteus maximus muscle action and rest of glutes action?
lateral rotator and rest of glutes are medial rotators
215
Quadratus Femoris vs quadriceps femoris?
quadriceps Femoris - anterior thigh
Quadratus Femoris - short muscle
216
anterior cruciate ligement prevents what?
hyper extension
217
posterior cruciate ligement prevents what?
hyeprflexion
218
nerve that innervates the posterior compartment of thigh?
tibial branch of sciatic
219
popliteal separates what?
lateral collateral from lateral meniscus
220
Pectineus muscle innervation?
both obturator and femoral
221
adductor canal below what muscle?
below sartorius
222
sacral plexus lies on what?
Piriformis muscle
223
anterior compartment of leg innervated by?
deep fibular nerve
224
ankle joint type?
hinge synovial
225
what 3 muscles form achilles tendon?
plantaris
gastrocnemius
soleus
226
extensors and flexors of thigh?
extensors - quadriceps
| flexors - hamstrings
227
what attaches to lesser trochanter?
psoas
228
main blood supply to femoral head?
MFCA
229
what deepens acetebulum? 2
acetabular labrum
| transerve acetabular ligament
230
iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligament do what?
iliofemoral - prevents hyperextension
| pubofemoral - prevents overabduction
231
illiopsoas attaches to?
lesser trochanter
232
hip extensors where? and what do they do also?
posterior thigh
also flex knee
233
if abductors are affected leads to?
trendle burge test
234
3 medial rotators and hip abductors?
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
235
lateral rotators are what? 2
gluteus maximus
| short muscles - Quadratus Femoris/gemelli/obturators/piriformis
236
medial and lateral circumflex arteries branches of what?
profunda femoris artery
237
4 bursae communicate with joint cavity in knee?
suprapatellar
popliteal
anserine
gastrocnemius
238
ACL & PCL prevent?
ACL - prevent hyperextension
| PCL - prevent hyperflexion
239
locked knee?
fully extended knee
240
what unlocks knee?
popliteal muscle
241
femoral artery found where?
mid point between ASIS and pubic tubercle
242
pes anserinus what attaches? 4
sartorius
semitendosus
Semimembranosus
GRACILIAS
243
what attaches to ischial tuberosity?
3 hamstrings
244
what attaches to greater trochanter?
glut. MED/MIN
245
MAIN internal rotator?
psoas
246
extra capsular vs intra capsular fracture?
extra cap - blood supply intact
intra cap - blood supply compromised
247
knee extensors are where?
anterior thigh
248
common fibular nerve goes where?
around neck of fibula - exposed to damage
249
branches of common fibular and what they innervate?
superior fibular - lateral compartment
| deep fibular - anterior compartment
250
malleolar mortise grip strongest and weakest when?
strongest - dorsiflexion
| weakest - plantar flexion
251
deltoid ligament of ankle for?
aka?
slips where?
medial ligament
three slips - from medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus, navicular
stabilises joint during eversion - lateral rotation
252
pott fracture?
dislocation of ankle
253
ankle sprains?
inversion injury
254
acquired flatfeet due to?
dysfunction of tibialis posterior
255
static vs dynamic factors?
static - ligaments etc
dynamic - muscles/tendons
256
action of gastrocnemius?
flex knee
| flex ankle
257
action of popliteus?
flex knee - unlock
258
what goes through and out adductor hiatus?
femoral artery and vein
259
tibial nerve run where?
between 2 heads of gastrocnemius
260
when do popliteal artery branch?
| and branch into what?
passes through the popliteal fossa and ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it branches into its two terminal branches; the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
261
lower end of fibula end as what?
lateral malleolus
262
extensor retinaculum present how?
superior
| inferior
263
what inverts and evert foot?
invert - both anterior and posterior tibialis
evert - tibilias longus, brevis, tertis
264
what goes through flexor retinaculum?
TOM DICK AND HARRY
3 deep muscles
posterior tibial artery
tibial nerve
265
anterior compartment of leg do what? 2
dorsiflex ankle and extend toes
266
extensors where on foot?
on dorsum
267
lateral compartment of leg
what forms it?
vessels?
nerve?
Fibularis brevis, longus, tertis join to form conjoint tendon lateral malleolus
no vessels run here
SUPERFICIAL fibular nerve
268
foot drop caused by?
common fibular nerve damaged
269
gastrocnemius and soleus cause what action?
gastrocnemius - lifting heel/jump
soleus - walking
270
what main ligaments support maintain arches? 3
spring
| short and long plantar
271
sural nerve?
made up of branches of common femoral and tibial nerves
272
explain 1st and 2nd and 3rd layer of foot?
1st -
digitorum brevis
abductor dm and Hallucis
```
2nd -
FHL
FDL
quadrates planate
lumbricals
```
3rd -
adductor hallucis - transverse and oblique heads
F dm brevis
F hallucis brevis
273
ACL - receives what blood supply?
middle genicular artery
274
functional unit of compact bone?
osteon/haversian system
osteons - cylindrical structures
Haversian canals
275
structure of spongy bone?
trabeculae and red bone marrow
276
bone metastases occurs from?
```
breast
lungs
prostate
kidney
thyroid
```
277
what nerve between big and second toe
fibular nerve
278
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates what?
sensation to the skin along the outer thigh starting from the inguinal ligament and extending down toward the knee.
279
Where should an intra-muscular vaccination be sited in the buttock in order to minimise the risk of damage to the sciatic nerve?
supero-lateral
280
Osteod osteoma?
benign (noncancerous) bone tumor that usually develops in the long bones of the body, such as the femur (thighbone) and tibia (shinbone). Although osteoid osteomas can cause pain and discomfort, they do not spread throughout the body.
281
what innervates the dorsum of foot and lateral/medial half on dorsum ?
DORSUM - superficial fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve - between big and 2nd toes
lateral - sural nerve
medial - saphaneous nerve
282
what innervates lateral/medial on sole of foot AND HEEL?
lateral - lateral plantar
medial - medial plantar
heel - tibial nerve
283
ACL and PCL are placed how?
ACL - from medial surface of lateral condyle
PCL - from lateral surface of medial condyle
284
posterior tibial artery has what closely related to it?
tibial nerve
285
abduction of thumb caused by?
median nerve
286
ULNAR NERVE DOES WHAT TO FINGERS?
adduction and abduction to fingers
287
lateral and medial foot innervated by?
lateral - sural
| medial - saphenous
288
sural nerve runs where in foot?
posterior to lateral malleolus
289
```
what each dermatome cause action?
L4
L5
S1
S2
```
L4 - ankle dorsiflexion
l5 - big toe extension
s1 - plantar flexion
s2 - knee flexion
290
which fingers is palmar interossei connected to?
3 PAD
| not connected to middle finger
291
attachments of posterior cruciate ligament?
medial surface of femur
&
lateral surface of tibia
292
great saphenous vein ascends how?
anterior to medial malleolus and ascends into femoral vein
293
where is dorsals pedis pulse felt?
lateral to EHL - running towards big toe
294
inferior gluteal nerve where in relation to muscles?
inferior to Piriformis
295
what passes posterior and anterior to lateral malleolus?
POSTERIOR
fibular longus tendon
fibular brevis tendon
ANTERIOR
anterior tibial
extensor digitorum longus
296
latissimus dorsi innervation?
thoracodorsal nerve
297
action of anterior leg ?
dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint
