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Anatomy 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what divides the centrepoint of the perineum diamond? [1]

what are the two perineal triangles? [2]

A

perineal body

urogenital triangle
anal triangle

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2
Q

what are the layers of fascia found in the urogenital triangle?

A

(pelvic floor muscles)

perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

(fascia of pelvic floor)

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3
Q

which of the following prevents the prolapse of heavy organs such as bladder and uterus?

perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

A

which of the following prevents the prolapse of heavy organs such as bladder and uterus?

​perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

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4
Q

which of the following contains the external genitalia?

​perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

A

which of the following contains the external genitalia?

​perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

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5
Q

which of the following is most superficial?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

A

which of the following is most superficial?

​deep perineal fascia ​
​perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

which of the following is the space in the urogenital triangle found between the fascia of the pelvic floor muscles and perineal membrane?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

A

which of the following is the space in the urogenital triangle found between the fascia of the pelvic floor muscles and perineal membrane?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

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8
Q

what is in the deep perineal pouch for

a) males
b) females

A

what is in the deep perineal pouch for

a) males
* *membranous urethra, the external urethral sphincter, the deep transverse perineal muscles, and the bulbourethral glands** (Cowper’s glands), which secrete a lubricating pre-ejaculatory fluid.

​b) females
consisting of the true sphincter, the compressor urethrae and the urethrovaginal sphincter. The deep transverse perineal muscles are also present

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9
Q

which of the following is found superficial to the perineal membrane?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

A

which of the following is found superficial to the perineal membrane?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

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10
Q

which of the following contains the erectile tissues of the external genitalia?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

A

which of the following contains the erectile tissues of the external genitalia?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

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11
Q

what are the erectile tissues in males? [4]

A

what are the erectile tissues in males? [2]

  • *corpus spongiosum (**mouth of insect)
  • *corpus cavernersa** (eyes of insect)
  • *bulbospongiosus (**superifical to corpus spongiosum)
  • *ischiocavernosus (**superifical to corpus spongiosum)
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12
Q

which of the following is the urethra found in?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

A

which of the following is the urethra found in?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

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13
Q

which of the following is this highlighted muscle?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

A

which of the following is this highlighted muscle?
​
corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

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14
Q

which of the following is this highlighted muscle?
​
corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

A

which of the following is this highlighted muscle?
​
corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

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15
Q

what is highlighted here? [1]

A

crux of penis

which of the following is this highlighted muscle?
​

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16
Q

which is this muscle?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

A

which is this muscle?

​corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

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17
Q

which of the following is the green muscle?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

A

which of the following is the green muscle?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

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18
Q

label these muscles

A
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19
Q
A
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20
Q

what are vestibular bulbs [1]
what are vestibular glands [1]

A

Either side of the vaginal vestibule is the bulb of the vestibule.

The crura of the clitoris are equivalent to the crura arising from the corpora cavernosa. In females, the greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) can be found posterior to the vestibular bulbs. These are equivalent to the bulbourethral glands found in the male, and also secrete and lubricating fluid.

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21
Q

what is highlighted? [1]

A

vesitubular glands

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22
Q

what attaches the glans penis to the foreskin/ [1]

A

freneleum

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23
Q

Which part of the urethra is located in the corpus spongiosum of the penis? [1]

A

Acceptable responses: spongy, spongy part, penile

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24
Q

which part of the female external genitalia enclose the vestibule of the vagina?

A

which part of the female external genitalia enclose the vestibule of the vagina?
labia minoria

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25
the clitoris is analagous to which part of the penis? corpus spongiosum corpus cavernersa bulbospongiosus ischiocavernosus
the clitoris is analagous to which part of the penis? corpus spongiosum **corpus cavernersa** bulbospongiosus ischiocavernosus
26
which way is the urogenital triangled angled? [1]
anteriorly !!
27
28
which 1-5 is the corpus cavernersa 1 2 3 4 5 ​
which 1-5 is the corpus cavernersa **1** 2 3 4 5 ​
29
which 1-5 is the bulbospongiosus 1 2 3 4 5 ​
which 1-5 is the bulbospongiosus 1 2 **3** 4 5 ​
30
which 1-5 is the corpus spongiosum 1 2 3 4 5 ​
which 1-5 is the corpus spongiosum 1 **2** 3 4 5 ​
31
which 1-5 is the Superficial transverse perineal muscle 1 2 3 4 5 ​
which 1-5 is the Superficial transverse perineal muscle ​1 2 3 4 **5** ​
32
which 1-5 is the Ischiocavernosus 1 2 3 4 5 ​
which 1-5 is the Ischiocavernosus ​1 2 3 **4** 5 ​
33
what are the 3 nerve branches of the perineum? [3] what do they supply [3]
**Inferior rectal -** supplies the external anal sphincter and inferior anal canal **Perineal** - supplies the anterior perineum **Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris** - supplies the external genitalia
34
The pudendal nerve can be located clinically by palpating for the WHAT? [1]
The pudendal nerve can be located clinically by palpating for the **ischial spine**, as the nerve loops around it posteriorly.
35
A young man attends his GP because he has been experiencing erectile dysfunction. Fibres from which branch of the autonomic nervous system are responsible for genital erection? [1]
Acceptable responses: **parasympathetic, parasympathetic nervous system**
36
Which is the main muscle involved in helping to maintain erection? [1]
Acceptable responses: **bulbosongiosus, bulbospongiosus**
37
Atherosclerosis of which artery is most likely to cause erectile dysfunction? Superior gluteal artery Inferior gluteal artery Inferior rectal artery Internal iliac artery Perineal artery
Atherosclerosis of which artery is most likely to cause erectile dysfunction? Superior gluteal artery Inferior gluteal artery Inferior rectal artery **Internal iliac artery** ​Perineal artery ## Footnote **The penile artery arises from the internal pudendal artery, which. arises from the internal iliac artery.**
38
what is highlighted? [1] what is the function of ^? [1] which structure is found within here? [1]
Ischioanal fossa ## Footnote **expansion and deformation of the anal canal to facilitate the passage of faeces contain pudendal canals**
39
which structures are found in the is the pudendal canal? [3]
is the pudendal canal (Alcock's canal), which contains the **pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery and vein.**
40
the structures of the upper anal canal follow the pattern of: hindgut midgut foregut
the structures of the upper anal canal follow the pattern of: **hindgut** midgut ​foregut
41
which of the following is the external anal sphincter 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the external anal sphincter 1 **2** 3 4 5
42
which of the following is the Anococcygeal ligament 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the Anococcygeal ligament 1 2 3 **4** 5
43
which of the following is the perineal body 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the perineal body **1** 2 3 4 5
44
which of the following is the Gluteus maximus 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the Gluteus maximus​ 1 2 3 4 **5**
45
which of the following serves as an attachment point for perineal muscles 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following serves as an attachment point for perineal muscles **1: perineal body** 2 3 4 5
46
which of the following is the ischioanal fossa (cleared) 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the ischioanal fossa (cleared) 1 2 **3** 4 5
47
Spermatozoa are produced in the: vas (ductus) deferens. rete testis epididymis tunica albuginea seminiferous tubules
Spermatozoa are produced in the: vas (ductus) deferens. rete testis epididymis tunica albuginea **​seminiferous tubules**
48
mature spermatozoa are stored in the vas (ductus) deferens. rete testis epididymis tunica albuginea ​seminiferous tubules
mature spermatozoa are stored in the vas (ductus) deferens. rete testis **epididymis** tunica albuginea ​seminiferous tubules
49
which of the following is the tunica albuginea A B C D E F
which of the following is the tunica albuginea A B C D E **​F**
50
which of the following is the epididymis A B C D E F
which of the following is the epididymis A **B** C D E F
51
which of the following is the seminiferous tubule A B C D E F
which of the following is the seminiferous tubule ​ A **B** C D E F
52
which of the following is the rete testis A B C D E F
which of the following is the rete testis A B C **D** E F
53
which of the following is the where spermatozoa is produced A B C D E F
which of the following is the where spermatozoa is produced A B C D **E** F
54
which of the following is the rete testis A B C D E F
which of the following is the rete testis A B C **D** E F
55
The testes begin development on ............. [1] They are dragged down through the ...... into the scrotum by the ........, along with their blood, nerve, and lymph supply. [2]
The testes begin development on **posterior abdominal wall**[1] They are dragged down through the **anterior abdominal wall** into the scrotum by the **gurbernaculum** along with their blood, nerve, and lymph supply. [2]
56
what does the peritoneal layer of the spermatic cord persist of [1]
what does the peritoneal layer of the spermatic cord persist of [1] **tunica vaginalis**
57
Where would you expect pain from the testes (as oppose to the scrotum) be experienced? Thorax Adbomen Pelvis Perineum
Where would you expect pain from the testes (as oppose to the scrotum) be experienced? Thorax **Adbomen** Pelvis Perineum
58
To allow passage of the testes through the abdominal wall, a tunnel must be created - this tunnel is known as the ....... which passes obliquely through the muscular layer [1] It is formed by an outpouching of **......** (the processus vaginalis) passing through the layers of the abdominal wall, acquiring a covering from **......, ......... and ...... aponeurosis** along the way [4]
To allow passage of the testes through the abdominal wall, a tunnel must be created - this tunnel is known as the **inguinal canal** which passes obliquely through the muscular layer [1] It is formed by an outpouching of **peritoneum** (**the processus vaginalis)** passing through the layers of the abdominal wall, acquiring a covering from **transversalis fascia, internal oblique and external oblique aponeurosis** along the way.
59
label A & B [2]
A: **gubernaculum** B: **processus vaginalis**
60
which structures are found within the spermatic cord?
These include the **vas deferens (**and its artery and vein) the t**esticular artery and veins** (making up the pampiniform venous plexus), **the artery and vein to cremaster muscle**, **the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, sympathetic and visceral afferent nerves supplying the testis and vas**, and some lymphatics.
61
which of the following is the Tunica vaginalis 1 2 3 4 5 6
which of the following is the Tunica vaginalis 1 2 3 4 5 ​**6 The tunica vaginalis is the remnant of the processus vaginalis, which was the outpouching of parietal peritoneum. It is a serous covering of the testis in the scrotum​**
62
which of the following is the Vas deferens 1 2 3 4 5 6
which of the following is the Vas deferens 1 **2** 3 4 5 6
63
which of the following is the testicular artery 1 2 3 4 5 6
which of the following is the 1 2 **3** 4 5 6
64
which of the following is the head of the epididymis 1 2 3 4 5 6
which of the following is the head of the epididymis 1 2 3 **4** 5 6
65
which of the following is the tunica albuginea 1 2 3 4 5 6
which of the following is the tunica albuginea 1 2 3 4 **5** 6
66
which of the following is the Testicular veins (pampiniform plexus) 1 2 3 4 5 6
which of the following is the Testicular veins (pampiniform plexus) **1** 2 3 4 5 ​6
67
Where does the testicular artery come from? [1]
Acceptable responses: **aorta, abdominal aorta, aorta l2, l2, l2 abdominal aorta**
68
what are direct and indirect inguinal hernias formed from?
Indirect inguinal hernias: **An indirect inguinal hernia enters the deep ring, travels the length of the canal, and exits at the superficial ring, often extending into the scrotum. It is most common in infant males, due to a patent processus vaginalis** Direct inguinal hernias **Direct inguinal hernias _do not pass through the deep ring._ They bulge through another weak point of the anterior abdominal wall.** **They then protrude through the _superficial ring_. Direct hernias are more common in people who are _obese, and who have frequent increased intra-abdominal pressure,_ due to chronic cough or weightlifting, for example.**
69
Which ligaments comprise the borders of the greater and lesser sciatic foramen? [2]
Acceptable responses: **sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments**
70
What effect does relaxin and progesterone have on pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?
Acceptable responses: **Relax muscles and loosen ligaments and joints, Relax ligaments, Ligaments become lax**
71
Which of branches of the internal iliac artery leave the pelvis? [3]
Which of branches of the internal iliac artery leave the pelvis? [3] ## Footnote **Obturator artery Inferior gluteal artery Superior gluteal artery**
72
relaxed detrusor muscle visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
relaxed detrusor muscle ​ visceral afferents **sympathetic** parasympathetic somatomotor
73
contracts the detrusor muscle visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
contracts the detrusor muscle ​visceral afferents sympathetic **parasympathetic** somatomotor
74
contracts the internal urethral sphincter ​visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
contracts the internal urethral sphincter ​visceral afferents **sympathetic** parasympathetic somatomotor
75
relaxes the internal urethral sphincter ​visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
relaxes the internal urethral sphincter ​visceral afferents sympathetic **parasympathetic** somatomotor
76
contracts the external urethral sphincter ​visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
contracts the external urethral sphincter ​visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic **somatomotor**
77
contracts the detrusor muscle ​visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
contracts the detrusor muscle ​ ​visceral afferents sympathetic **parasympathetic** somatomotor
78
Deficits in which of these fibres may cause urinary retention? ​visceral afferents sympathetic parasympathetic somatomotor
Deficits in which of these fibres may cause urinary retention? ​​visceral afferents sympathetic **parasympathetic** somatomotor
79
emerges from superficial inguinal ring direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament both
emerges from superficial inguinal ring direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​**both**
80
passes through deep inguinal ring direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​both
passes through deep inguinal ring direct inguinal ligament **indirect inguinal ligament** ​both
81
bulges through hesselbacks triangle direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​both
bulges through hesselbacks triangle ​ **direct inguinal ligament** indirect inguinal ligament ​both
82
may extend into scrotum ​ direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​both
may extend into scrotum ​ direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​**both**
83
medial to inferior epigastric vessels​ direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​both
medial to inferior epigastric vessels​ **direct inguinal ligament** indirect inguinal ligament ​both
84
most common in baby boys direct inguinal ligament indirect inguinal ligament ​both
most common in baby boys direct inguinal ligament **​indirect inguinal ligament** ​both
85
Persistence of which structure is normally responsible for indirect inguinal hernia development? [1]
Acceptable responses: **Patent processus vaginalis, processus vaginalis, Open processus vaginalis**
86
What is the surface landmark for the deep inguinal ring? Midpoint of the inguinal ligament Mid inguinal point
What is the surface landmark for the deep inguinal ring? **Midpoint of the inguinal ligament** Mid inguinal point
87
which structures provide muscle control for the flow of urine? [2]
The **internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter** both provide muscle control for the flow of urine. The internal sphincter is involuntary. It surrounds the opening of the bladder to the urethra and relaxes to allow urine to pass.

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