Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Anatomy 2 Final > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Final Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how many liters of blood are in an adult?

A

4 to 6 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is blood considered to be?

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

erythrocytes, plasma, buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes and buffy coat, these formed elements and liquid plasma compose whole blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

  • form the lower layer of centrifuged blood
  • about 44% of the blood sample
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

buffy coat

A

the middle layer of centrifuged blood

  • thin, slightly grey white layer composed of leukocytes (white blood cells) and cell fragments (platelets)
  • 1% of blood sample
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plasma

A

top layer of centrifuged blood

  • straw colored liquid
  • 55% of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functions of blood

A
  • transportation (rbc carry oxygen from lungs to cells and CO2 from cells back to lungs; plasma transports nutrients from gi tract and hormones secreted by glands to target cells; plasma carries waste from cells to kidneys to be removed)
  • regulation of body temp (plasma absorbs & distributes heat, vessels dilate to cool and constrict to conserve heat)
  • maintenance of fluid levels (maintains fluid level in cardiovascular system)
  • maintenance of pH levels (keeps pH at 7.4 for normal cell functioning)
  • protection (wbc guard against infection, plasma transports antiobodies, platelets & proteins protect against blood loss by forming blood clots)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

components of plasma

A
  • extracellular fluid matrix of blood
  • mixture of water, proteins and other solutes (enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
  • 92 % water (facilitates transportation)
  • w/o proteins call serum
  • 7% proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

albumins

A

smallest and most abundant plasma protein

  • regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid
  • transport proteins that carry ions, hormones and some liquids in blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

globulins

A

second largest group (37%)
alpha- smaller and primarily bind, support and protect water insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones and ions
gamma- immunoglobulins, produced by defense cells to protect body against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fibrinogen

A

4% of plasma proteins, responsible for blood clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulatory proteins

A

very minor class of plasma protein, include enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions in blood and hormones transported to target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hematocrit

A

% of erythrocytes in the blood, vary upon age and gender
males 42%-56%
females 38%-46%
childrens also vary
also dependent upon altitude, body produces more rbc at higher altitudes because they carry the oxygen to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

erythrocytes

A

mature rbc lack nuclei-allows to carry gasses more efficiently
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hemoglobin

A

280 million molecules of red pigment hemoglobin per rbc
all have 4 protein building blocks
4 ions allow for 4 oxygen molecules to bind to each molecule
oxygen binding is weak (get from lungs and this allows them to easily detach in tissues where oxygen is needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

life cycle of erythrocyte

A 
no organells, so they can't sustain themselves
life span 120 days
daily: about 1% of oldest rbc's removed
-phagocyted by sp and lv via macrophages
some components saved some discarded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what components of old rbc cells are saved and why?

A

heme group- converted to biliverdin (green pigment), then to bilirubin in bile to help emulsify fat and then removed
iron- transferrin transports it to liver, turns to ferritin for storage and transported to red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, true cells with nuclei and organells
no hemoglobin.
5 types devided into 2 categories. granulocytes and agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
-tcell manage and direct immune response
-bcell stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antiobodies
-natural killer cells attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
monocytes
-phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

endocrine system

A

works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

  • endocrine glands produce hormones
  • hormones are chemicals secreted into blood stream to stimulate a response from another tissue or organ
  • target cells have the receptors for hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

major endocrine organs

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid glad, brain, heart, small intestines, adreanal gland, pancrease, kidney, thymus, thyroid gland, ovary, testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine-no ducts, intracellular effects (metabolism), secrete directly to bloodstream, located in highly vascularized areas

exocrine- ducts, carry secretion to body surface or organ cavity extracellular affect (digetion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

classification of hormones

A

peptide (hydrophyllic-polar)- chains of amino acids ex. growth hormone

steroid (hydrophobic-nonpolar)- lipid derived from cholesterol ex. testosterone

biogenic amines (hydrophobic-nonpolar) small molecule produced by altering a structure of an amino acid ex. thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
endocrine function of the heart
decrease blood volume and blood pressure and increase sodium and water loss by kidneys
26
endocrine function of kidneys
increase absorption of calcitrol and decrease its loss from bone deposition erythropoietin- stimulates bonemarrow to produce rbc's
27
endocrine function of stomach and small intestines
enteric hormones coordinate digestive motility and secretion
28
endocrine function of the liver
regulate blood pressure, stimulate bone marrow to produce rbc's and mediate action of GH
29
endocrine function of placenta
secretes estrogen and progesterone to regulate pregnancy, stimulate development of fetus and mammary glands
30
Nasopharynx
Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
30
Nasopharynx
Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
31
small intestines facts
17 to 21 feet (5-6 meters) where most of the nutrients from ingested food is absorbed covered in plicae circulara (wrinkles) to increase surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients digestion here produces a mixture of disaccharides, peptides, fatty acids, and monoglycerides each villus has microvilli, which increase surface area to 200 square meters each villus contains lacteal (absorbs fat) & capillaries (absorb all other nutrients)
31
Oropharynx
Between soft palate root of tongue goes as far down as hyoid bone Contains pal anyone and lingual tonsils
32
large intestine facts
receives liquid residue after digestion and absorption, nourishes large population of bacteria reobsorption of water is main function-to avoid dehydration about 5 ft long, cecum, colon, rectum and canal
32
Laryngopharynx
From hyoid to cricoid cartilage
33
liver facts
largest glandular oragn, 3lbs, 4 unequal lobes (left, right, quadrate, caudate) falciform ligament separates left and right round ligament separates quadrate and caudate gallbladder adheres to ventral surface between right and quadrate lobes
33
Stomach functions
1. Store swallowed food & liquid 2. Mixes it with digestive juices 3. Empties contents slowly to small intestines
34
functions of liver
1. converts glucose to glycogen 2. produces urea 3. makes certain amino acids 4. filters harmful substances from blood 5. stores vitamins and minerals (a, d, k and b12) 6. maintains proper blood glucose levels 7. produces cholesterol
35
omentum
lacy layer of connective tissue that contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. purpose is to catch and store fat so your stomach has access to it, but it can create an inflammatory process and irritate arteries healthy=thin and transparent receives stress hormone cortisol which can make it grow
36
adensosine triphosphate (atp)
energy from food that is converted to their constitutional parts and then to atp when needed used for all energy requiring processes heavy molecule-we use about 75% of our body mass daily of atp--so eat well and often!
37
functions of urinary system
1. remove waste products from blood stream 2. storage and excretion of urine 3. blood volume regulation 4. regulation of erythrocyte production by measuring oxygen in blood
38
where are the kidneys located
superior pole @ T12, inferior @ L3, right KD 2 cm lower than left retroperitoneal- between peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
39
nephron facts
``` glomerous (bp pushes plasma into bowman's capsule, only place where blood is filtered) proximal tubule (nutrients moved out through active transport and water follows by osmosis) loop of henle (salty, allowing water to diffuse the loop) distal tubule (moves more nutrients out and ions, drugs, toxins actively pumped into tubule) collecting duct (more water leaves by osmosis and some urea gets out) ```
40
ureter
long muscular tubes, carry urine to the bladder by peristalsis (rhythmic muscle contraction)
41
urinary bladder
expandable muscular organ, stores up to 500 mL, trigone-triangle formed by ureters and urethra,
42
urethra
tube that moves urine from the bladder to outside the body. shorter in ladies
43
abnormal constitutes of urine
glucose (from stress, diabetes, excess carbs) albumin, ketone bodies, ketonuria (starvation, diabetes) rbc, hemoglobin, bile pigments, wbc (uti)
44
acute renal failure
sudden lost of kidney function, can be reversed
45
chronic renal failure
kidney slowly loses ability to function, not reversed
46
cystisis
urinary tract infection
47
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli of kidney, one cause of chronic renal failure
48
incontinence
inability to control urine
49
polycystic kidney disease
enlargement of kidneys due to presence of many cysts within them, slow progressive disease
50
pyelonephritis
complicated urinary tract infection, starts in bladder and spreads to kidneys, acute or chronic
51
renal calculi
kidney stones, in ducts within kidney or ureters
52
prostate gland
cluster of glands the size of a walnut, surrounds urethra secretes thick whitish fluid that helps transport sperm growth stops and 20 and starts again at age 50 enlarged it affects urination
53
3 phases of ovarian cycle
1. follicular phase- days 1-13 2. ovulation- day 14 release of the secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle 3. luteal phase- days 15-28 remaining follicle cells turn to corpus luteum, secrete estrogen and progesterone to build uterine lining and prepare for possible implantation of feritilized oocyte that has life span of 10-13 days, if not fertilizied becomes a corpus albicans and uterine lining is shed
54
walls of uterus
1. endometrium- innermost layer, vascular with tubular glands-mucus 2. myometrium-middle thick muscular layer 3. perimetrium- thin layer covers myometrium, secretes serous fluid to coat and protect uterus
55
fallopian tube
infundibulum and fimbriae- fringed end of fallopian tube that function to catch an ovum its a muscular tube lined with mucus membrane and cillia to propel ovum toward uterus
56
uterus divisions
fundus-domed shaped upper portion body-main portion cervix-narrow lower section extending into vagina
57
prenatal period-embryonic
formation of: placenta, amnion, umbilical cord, yolk sack, most internal organs and structures of embryo
58
prenatal period-fetal
week 8 through birth- rapid growth 5th month skeletal muscles 6th month gains weight
59
fetal circulation
placenta and umbilical cord carry out exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products foramen ovale-allows blood to bypass lungs ductus arteriosus- connection between pumonary trunk and aorta ductuc venosus- vessel that bypasses the liver
60
gestational period
average 266 days (post conception)
61
birth process
begins when progesterone levels fall prostaglandins secreted by uterus to start contractions, which stimulate pituitary to release oxytocin, which in turn stimulates strong uterine contractions
62
3 stages of birth
1. dilation- cervix thins and softens (8 to 24 hours) 2. expulsion or parturtition- actual birth (30 min or less) 3. placental stage- 10 to 15 min after birth
63
postnatal period
6 weeks following birth neonatal- first 4 weeks neonate is adjusting to life outside uterus milk production and secretion with oxytocin and prolactin

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions