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Anatomy > Physiology Final > Flashcards

Physiology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy and Fx of the bladder

A

Fx- store urine for excretion
Anatomy:
Detrusor muscle-smooth muscle found in the wall of bladder, it remains relaxed to allow the bladder to store urine and contracts during urination to release urine
urethral sphincter muscles- envelop the urethra to control the flow of urine when they contract

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2
Q

Impact of the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood stream

A

Cells use oxygen (O2) for metabolic processes, and the waste product of this is carbon dioxide (CO2). The blood is used to transport nutrients and wastes in the body. Therefore, blood always contains some CO2 on its way out of the body. The lungs are the exit point of CO2, where the gas swaps over for O2 at the lung-air interface. This CO2 and O2 balancing system works constantly, but if CO2 builds up in the blood, then the body reacts to remove the buildup

  • important source of acid in the blood
  • influences transport in blood
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3
Q

Chambers and Valves of the Heart

A

blood enters RIGHT ATRIUM via superior and inferior vena cava & exits through the TRICUSPID VALVE to the RIGHT VENTRICLE & exits throughout the PULMONARY VALVE to the into the PULMONARY ARTERY to pick up Oxygen in the LUNGS & travels back to the heart PULMONARY VEIN & enters the LEFT ATRIUM it contracts and blood leaves through the MITRAL VALVE to the LEFT VENTRICLE & exits through the AROTIC VALVE to the AORTA which distributes blood to the rest of the body.

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4
Q

Systole

A

when the heart muscle contracts/beats

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5
Q

Diastole

A

when the heart must relaxes before the next heart beat

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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

an agranulocyte (white blood cell that have no distinct granules in cytoplasm) that makes up 20-25% of Leukocytes(wbc).
*large single nuclei that occupies most of the cell
*important part of body’s immune system
T-Lymphocytes
-marture in the thymus, develop ab Tcells, yd Tcells, & NK cells
B-Lymphocytes
-mature in bone marrow, develop into B-1 and B-2 cells

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7
Q

what are the conditions that influence the transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the blood?

A
  • concentration of CO2
  • concentration of O2
  • temperature
  • pH
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8
Q

Menstruation

A

regular changes in uterine lining, resulting in monthly bleeding

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9
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period

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10
Q

menopause

A

termination of menstrual cycle due to normal aging of ovaries

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11
Q

Leukocytes

A

cells of the immune system that are involved in fighting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.

Ratio: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
(Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils)

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12
Q

Blood Types

A 
3 Allels (A, B & O), 6 possible combinations
AA or AO-Type A
BB or BO-Type B
OO-Type O (universal donor)
AB- Type AB (universal recipient)
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13
Q

Anatomy & Walls of the Uterus

A

Hollow muscular organ, receives the embryo and sustains its development.
-divided into fundus (domed upper portion), body ( main portion & cervix ( narrow lower section extending into vagina)
Endometrium
-inner most layer, vascular, tubular glands-mucus
Myometrium
-middle layer, thick, muscular
Perimetrium
-thin outermost layer, secretes serous fluid to coat and protect uterus

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14
Q

Vagina

A

tubular muscular organ, extends from uterus to outside of the body

  • muscular folds enable expansion to receive erect penis and for delivery o offspring and uterine secretions
  • contains clitoris-most sensitive erogenous zone
  • inner mucosal layer, middle muscular layer, and outer fibrous layer
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15
Q

ovaries

A

primary sex organ
-produces sex cells called ova and hormones estrogen and progesterone
-located in pelvic cavity
-medulla: inner area contains nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
-cortex: outer area contains ovarian follicles
covered by epithelial & dense connective tissue
-size and shape of almond
-shrink after menopause
-born with lifetime supply of eggs

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

produced by interstitial cells in the testes

  • secondary sex characteristics
  • maturation of male reproductive organs
  • regulated by negative feedback
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17
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Testes-primary sex organ, produce male sex cell (sperm) and testosterone
Scrotum-sac that holds the testes
Seminiferous tubules-on top of testes filled with spermatogenic cells that produce sperm
epididymis-receives sperm from testes
vas deferens-connects epididymis to urethra
seminal vesicle-secretes sugary fluid for energy and prostogladins that stimulate the sperm to propel forward, 60% of semen, released into vas deferens
prostate-surronds urethra, produces and secretes milky fluid just before ejaculation to protect sperm from acidic vagina
penis-shaft(erectile), glans penis (cone shaped on tip), prepuse-skin covering the glans penis (if uncircumcised)

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18
Q

affect of sympathetic nervous system on BP

A

it increases Blood Pressure, long term central control of this is located in the medulla oblongata

19
Q

when do the secondary sex characteristics appear

A

adolescence, due to hormones

20
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart rate

A

increases heart rate and force of contraction

21
Q

where the control center for breathing is in the central nervous system

A

pons and medulla (brain)

22
Q

normal heart rates

A

72 bpm is average

60-100 is normal for adults, higher for infants

23
Q

what is a calorie

A
  • the energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius a a pressure of one atmosphere*
  • provided by polymers, they measure the energy in food or beverage
24
Q

cals/ gram foods we eat

A

fiber: 2 cal/gram
proteins: 4 cal/gram
carbohydrates: 4 cal/gram
ethanol: 7 cal/gram
fat: 9 cal/gram

25
Q

normal pH of blood

A

7.35

26
Q

impact peripheral resistance on BP

A

factors that contribute to peripheral resistance is blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity and length of the vessel.
*The higher the resistance the more pressure needed to propel the blood through the vessel, resulting in higher blood pressure.

27
Q

what controls the electrical activity in the heart

A

SA node, known as the pacemaker

28
Q

Spleen

A

large lymph node, primarily acts as a blood filter, removes old blood cells, acts as a reserve of blood in case of emergency, recycles iron, synthesizes antibodies, monocytes in its red pulp promote tissue healing, rich in b and t-lymphocytes

29
Q

Liver

A

main fx is to filter blood coming from the digestive system, detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs, produces & secretes bile, and produces important proteins for blood clotting and other fx’s

30
Q

Large intestine

A

extends from cecum to anus, absorbs water and contains symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients, feces exist though the anal canal

31
Q

kidneys and regulating BP

A

kd’s monitor the body’s blood pressure,

  • when it is elevated the kd’s can help to reduce blood pressure by reducing the volume of blood in the body (by reducing the reabsorption of water into the blood and producing watery dilute urine)
  • when its too low they produce an enzyme (renin) to constrict blood vessels and produce concentrated urine
32
Q

how is urine produced

A

kidneys filter wastes from the blood to produce urine for excretion
blood is filtered in glomerous-blood pressure pushes plasma throughout the capillary wales into the bowman’s capsule, nutrients are moved out of the proximal tubule through active transport and water follows by osmosis, needed nutrients are reabsorbed and the rest is excreted with water-the amount of water depends on blood pressure

33
Q

difference between internal and external respiration

A

external-air exchange in the lung from external air breathing in and exhaling out CO2,
internal-gas exchange that takes place in the blood

34
Q

developmental stages of childhood

A

language
reading
writing

35
Q

first line of defense immune system

A

physical & mechanical barriers:

skin, cornea of eye, membranes that line the digestive, reproductive, urinary and respiratory tracts

36
Q

innate immune system

A

does not require a previous encounter with a microorganism or other invader to work effectively. It responds to invaders immediately, without needing to learn to recognize them.
several WBC’S including:
-Phagocytes ingest invaders. Phagocytes include macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
-Natural killer cells are formed ready to recognize and kill cancer cells and cells that are infected with certain viruses.
-Some white blood cells release substances involved in inflammation and allergic reactions, such as histamine.
-Some of these cells often act on their own to destroy invaders.

37
Q

Pregnancy-prenatal, embryonic, postnatal

A 
prenatal= fertilization to birth
first 2 weeks of gestation are germinal stage
embryo-until 8 weeks (of development)
Fetus-after 8 weeks of development
Postnatal-once the child is born
38
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, contain no nuclei, make up 40-50% of total blood volumes, transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon dioxide

  • produced continuously in bone marrow from stem cells at a rate of 2-3 million cells per second
  • need iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid
  • average life span115-120 days
  • 300 billion are destroyed and replaced each day
39
Q

Diaphragm and breathing

A

The diaphragm’s job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

40
Q

depolarization and electrocardiogram (ekg)

A

Depolarization occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles.

The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which is symbolized by the P wave on an electrocardiogram. (CA2+ channels open and CA2+ diffuses inward)
The SA node sends the depolarization wave to the atrioventricular (AV) node which –- with a delay of about 100 milliseconds to allow the atria to finish contracting –- then causes contraction in both ventricles, seen in the QRS wave. At the same time, the atria are repolarized and relaxed.
The ventricles are depolarized (K+ channels open and K+ diffuses forward) and relaxed at the T wave.(ventricle recovery)
41
Q

where is the cardiac center located in the CNS

A

medulla (in the brain)

42
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in the blood vessels of all vertebrate animals. They sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained.

43
Q

anabolism

A

uses energy to construct components of cells such as protein and nucleic acids

  • from Greek ana- “upward & ballein-“to throw”
  • set of pathways that construct/synthesize molecules from smaller units
  • require energy
  • build organs and tissues
44
Q

catabolism

A

breaks down organic matter

  • ex. cellular respiration
  • ferment or decompose or digest
  • from greek kata-“downward” and ballein-“to throw”
  • release energy
  • breaks down polymers into monomers to construct new polymers or to further digest to release energy

Anatomy (5 decks)

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