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MSK > Anatomy 32 > Flashcards

Anatomy 32 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ridges that the posterior aspect of the ilium bears?

A

Anterior, posterior and inferior gluteal lines

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2
Q

What are the 2 notches that the posterior ilium and ischium bears?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic notches

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3
Q

What ligaments close the greater and lesser sciatic notches? And what does this form?

A

Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
Forms the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

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4
Q

Where does the ischial spine project from?

A

Posterior ischium, sacrospinous ligament attaches to it

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5
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity?

A

Bulky prominence of bone at the posterior aspect of the ischium

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6
Q

What attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

The muscles of the posterior thigh and the sacrotuberous ligament

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7
Q

What is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

Ridge of bone between the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur

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8
Q

Where does the gluteal tuberosity lie?

A

Just inferior to the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur

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9
Q

What are the 4 superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus - Most superficial
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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10
Q

What are the attachment points of the gluteus maximus?

A

Most posterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium, the sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrum

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11
Q

Where do the fibres of the gluteus maximus insert into?

A

Iliotibial tract, with a smaller proportion attaching onto the gluteal tuberosity

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12
Q

What is the function of the gluteus maximus?

A

It is an extensor of the hip and is important for standing from a sitting position.

It also acts as a lateral rotator of the hip.
Because it inserts into the iliotibial tract, it stabilises the knee joint

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13
Q

What are the points of attachment of the gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Anterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium

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14
Q

What do the gluteus medius and minimus insert onto?

A

Greater trochanter

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15
Q

What movements do the gluteus medius and minimus execute?

A

Abduct and medially rotate the hip

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16
Q

What do the gluteus medius and minimus play an important role in?

A

Normal gait

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17
Q

What happens if the gluteus medius and minimus are weak or paralysed in one limb?

A

The pelvis tilts to the contralateral side every time the contralateral leg is off the ground, resulting in a limp

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18
Q

What is the tensor fascia latae attached to?

A

ASIS

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19
Q

Where does the tensor fascia latae insert into?

A

Iliotibial band, which itself inserts onto the lateral part of the proximal tibia

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20
Q

What are the functions of the tensor fascia latae?

A

Contraction of the muscle tenses the fascia lata and the iliotibial band.

It stabilises the knee when it is extended and it also flexes the hip joint, but is not a prime mover.

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21
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles innervated by?

A

Gluteal nerves, which leave the sacral plexus in the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen

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22
Q

What is the gluteus maximus innervated by?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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23
Q

What are the gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae innervated by?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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24
Q

What are the overall functions of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Primarily stabilise and laterally rotate the hip joint

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25
Q

What are the 5 deep gluteal muscles?

A

Piriformis
Superior gemelli
Inferior gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

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26
Q

What is the attachment point of the piriformis?

A

Anterior surface of the sacrum

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27
Q

What does the piriformis travel through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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28
Q

What does the piriformis insert on?

A

Greater trochanter

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29
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A

The tibial and common peroneal (common fibular) nerves in the posterior thigh

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30
Q

Where do the superior and inferior gemelli and quadrator femoris arise from?

A

Ischium

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31
Q

Where does the obturator internus arise from?

A

Obturator membrane

32
Q

What are the 4 muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semimebranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Hamstring part of the adductor magnus

33
Q

Which muscles are referred to as the ‘hamstring group’?

A

Semimebranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris

34
Q

What are the ‘hamstring group’ muscles attached to proximally?

A

Ischial tuberosity

35
Q

What movements do the ‘hamstring group’ muscles execute?

A

Extend the hip
Flex the knee

36
Q

What are the muscles of the ‘hamstring group’ innervated by?

A

Tibial nerve

37
Q

What do the semimebranosus and semitendinosus insert on?

A

The medial aspect of the proximal tibia

38
Q

What does the biceps femoris insert onto?

A

Head of the fibula

39
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps femoris arise from?

A

Linea aspera

40
Q

What movements does the short head of the biceps femoris execute?

A

Flexes the knee

41
Q

What is the short head of the biceps femoris innervated by?

A

Common peroneal nerve

42
Q

Where does the hamstring part of the adductor magnus arise from?

A

Ischial tuberosity

43
Q

Where does the hamstring part of the adductor magnus insert into?

A

Adductor tubercle of the femur

44
Q

What movement does the hamstring part of the adductor magnus execute?

A

Extends the hip

45
Q

What is the hamstring part of the adductor magnus innervated by?

A

Tibial nerve

46
Q

What arteries supply the gluteal muscles?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

47
Q

What artery are the superior and inferior gluteal arteries branches of?

A

Internal iliac artery

48
Q

Where do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries leave the pelvis via?

A

Greater sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region

49
Q

What arteries supply the hamstring muscles?

A

3/4 perforating arteries

50
Q

Where do the perforating arteries arise from?

A

Profunda femoris

51
Q

Where do the perforating arteries travel through to reach the posterior compartment?

A

Small apertures in the adductor magnus

52
Q

In what region does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

Popliteal fossa

53
Q

Where do the superior and inferior gluteal veins travel?

A

They follow the corresponding arteries through the greater sciatic foramen into the pelvis

54
Q

What do the superior and inferior gluteal veins drain into?

A

Internal iliac vein

55
Q

What does the popliteal vein enter the anterior thigh via?

A

Adductor hiatus

56
Q

What vein joins the femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous vein in the femoral triangle

57
Q

What vein does the femoral vein become continuous with?

A

External iliac vein

58
Q

What nerves innervate the gluteal muscles?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

59
Q

What happens to the superior and inferior gluteal nerves when they leave the sacral plexus?

A

They leave the sacral plexus in the pelvis and travel through the greater sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region

60
Q

What spinal nerve fibres is the sciatic nerve composed of?

A

L4-S3 spinal nerves

61
Q

What does the sciatic nerve leave the pelvis via?

A

Greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region inferior to the lower border of piriformis

62
Q

What nerves is the sciatic nerve composed of?

A

Tibial nerve and the common peroneal (common fibular) nerve

63
Q

What muscles does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the posterior thigh and posterior leg

64
Q

What muscles does the common peroneal nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the anterior and lateral leg

65
Q

What are the superior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Semimembranosus and semitendinosus medially (‘superomedial’)
  • Biceps femoris laterally (‘superolateral’)
66
Q

What are the inferomedial and inferolateral borders of the popliteal fossa formed by?

A

The two heads of gastrocnemius, a superficial muscle in the posterior leg

67
Q

What structures are found in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal (fibular) nerve

68
Q

What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?

A

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

69
Q

Where does the common peroneal (fibular) nerve travel along?

A

The superolateral border of the popliteal fossa, alongside the tendon of biceps femoris.

It wraps around the neck of the fibula and then splits into a superficial and a deep branch.

70
Q

What muscles does the superficial peroneal nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the lateral leg

71
Q

What muscles does deep peroneal nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the anterior leg

72
Q

Where is a common site for the intramuscular injection?

A

Gluteus maximus, upper outer quadrant of the buttock

73
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Describes pain that is felt in the posterior thigh and leg due to compression of nerve roots that contribute to the sciatic nerve (L4 - S3).

74
Q

What is sciatica most commonly a result of?

A

Prolapsed (‘slipped’) intervertebral disc between L5 and S1

75
Q

What is a popliteal artery?

A

An aneurysm of the popliteal artery may rupture, causing significant bleeding.

In some cases, clot forms within it, occluding blood flow to the leg.

The tissues of the leg become ischaemic and tissue death occurs if flow in the artery is not quickly restored.

MSK (10 decks)

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