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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Does the gluteal region have anterior and posterior?

A

No, just posterior

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2
Q

What muscles make up the superficial muscle group

A

gluteus maximimus, medius, minimus, tensor fascia latae

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3
Q

What do the superficial muscle group do?

A

extensors, abductors, medial rotators of thigh

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4
Q

what nerve innervates the superficial muscle group of gluteal region?

A

superior gluteal nerve (gluteus maximus is innervated by trendelenburgs gait (max is inferior)

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5
Q

what muscles are in the deep muscle group

A

piriformis, gemilli, obturator internis, quadratus femoris

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6
Q

What do the deep muscles of gluteal region act as

A

lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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7
Q

what is the nerve innervation of the deep muscles

A

sacral plexus

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8
Q

Where do the nerves enter/ extit the perineum?

A

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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9
Q

What ligaments help form the 2 sciatic foramen

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament

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10
Q

When injecting which quarter do you inject into

A

top left, lateral

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11
Q

Which 3 nerves enter/exit via gluteal region

A

sciatic, pudendal, posterior cutaneus nerve of the thigh

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12
Q

What is the level of the sciatic nerve and what does it innervate

A

L4-S3, posteriori thigh, all of leg, foot and skin

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13
Q

What is the level of the pudendal and what does it supply

A

S2-S4, perineum

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14
Q

What does the posterior cuteness nerve of the thigh do?

A

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lat perineum and medial thigh

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15
Q

Does the sciatic nerve innervate the gluteal region?

A

Hell Nooooo

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16
Q

What does the sciatic nerve split into?

A

tibial an commmon fibular nerve

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle

A

top- inguinal ligament, lateral- adducts longs, medial, sartorius, roof- deep fascia, floor- iliopsoas and pectineus

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18
Q

What procedure is used to release pressure built up in compartment syndrome

A

Fasciotomy

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19
Q

Name muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

flexors- iliopsoas, pectineus and sartorius extensor- quadriceps femoris

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20
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate

A

anterior compartment of the thigh. L2-L4 Psoas major innervates the iliopsoas also

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21
Q

Name medial compartments of the thigh

A

adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis and obturator externus

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh

A

obturator nerve. (hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by tibial nerve)

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23
Q

What is in the posterior compartments of the thigh

A

semitendinous, semimembranous and biceps femoris

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24
Q

What supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

sciatic nerve L5-S2. Short head of biceps femurs is supplied by common fibular division

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25
Q

What is contained within the anterior compartment of the leg

A

dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes- tibias anterior, extensor digitorium longus, extensor helices longus, fibularis tertius

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26
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior leg

A

Deep fibular nerve- L4-5

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27
Q

What is in lateral compartment of leg

A

evert foot- fibularis longus, fibulas brevis

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28
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve supply

A

lateral leg compartment

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29
Q

Posterior compartment of leg

A

plantar flexors of ankle- gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris

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30
Q

Which nerve supplies all of the posterior compartment of leg

A

tibial nerve

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31
Q

What are the deep group of posterior leg

A

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibial posterior

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32
Q

boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A

biceps femoris, semimembranous, gastrocnemius and popliteal fossa

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33
Q

Describe the route taken by the superficial lymphatics

A

follow saphenous veins, superficial inguinal nodes and external iliac lymph nodes

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34
Q

What is the route taken by the deep lymphatics

A

follow deep veins, deep inguinal nodes and then external iliac lymph nodes

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35
Q

What makes up the hip joint

A

Acetabulum of hip and head of femur

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36
Q

Name the 3 ligaments in the hip

A

iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral

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37
Q

what arises from the deep femoral arteries

A

medial and lateral circumflex arteries

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38
Q

where are the 3 articulations of the knee

A

2x femerotibial and 1 femeropatellar

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39
Q

Name the extra capsular ligaments in knee

A

lateral and medial collateral ligaments and patellar ligament

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40
Q

Ligamets within the knee

A

ACL and PCL

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41
Q

What is layman term for calcanea tendon

A

Achilles tnedon

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42
Q

what tendon make up the calcanea tendon

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

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43
Q

Why is the spine so important

A

support structures and protect neurological conditions and allow flexibility and movement

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44
Q

What are the compartments of the spine

A

x7 cervical x12 thoracic x5 lumber x5 sacral and 4 coccyx

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45
Q

What do facet joints do?

A

stabilise spinal column whilst allowing movement

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46
Q

What makes up the upper cervical region

A

C1 and C2

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47
Q

What is the first palpable vertebra?

A

C7

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48
Q

There is a lot of movement in thoracic region true or false

A

false- there is little movement

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49
Q

Which ligaments run the length of the vertebral column

A

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament

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50
Q

what ligament links the vertebral laminae

A

ligamentum flavum

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51
Q

is the intraspinous ligament weak or strong?

A

relatively weak

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52
Q

How many columns are injured when spinal injury becomes unstable?

A

3

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53
Q

What are the muscles of the spine?

A

superficial, intermediate- serratus posterior, superior and inferior, and deep

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54
Q

What movement does the superficial muscle provide?

A

Movement of shoulder and upper limb

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55
Q

What are the superficial spinal muscles

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid minor and major, levatus scapularis

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56
Q

What dose the trapezius do?

A

elevates and depresses scapula

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57
Q

What do the deep muscles provide?

A

movement of vertebral column and posture

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58
Q

what is the main deep muscles

A

erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longisimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis

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59
Q

What do the deep muscles innervate?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

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60
Q

What is the spinal cord a continuation of

A

medulla oblongata

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61
Q

What do the nerves in your cervical spine supply

A

arms

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62
Q

what spinal region supplies the middle of the body

A

thoracic

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63
Q

What do the lumbar spinal nerves supply?

A

legs

64
Q

what do the sacral nerves supply

A

pelvis, posterior legs

65
Q

What is a myotome

A

muscles controlled by motor element of nerve root

66
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

SKIN SENSATION SUPPLIED BY nerve root at specific level

67
Q

What lies in the white matter

A

ascending sensory and descending motor tracts

68
Q

What 2 things join to form the nerve root

A

ventral and dorsal roots

69
Q

What is the blood supply of the spine?

A

anterior and posterior spinal arteries, Batsons venous plexus- valveless veins

70
Q

What is the anterior arterial, venous and nerve supply to the arm

A

brachial, brachial and musculocutaneous

71
Q

What is the posterior arterial, venous, nerve drainage to the arm

A

profunda brachii x2, radial

72
Q

anterior forearm?

A

radial, ulnar, venae comitantes, median,

73
Q

Posterior forearm?

A

interosseous, venae comitantes and radial

74
Q

What is the arterial and nerve supply to the hand

A

deep and superficial palmar arch and ulnar nerve

75
Q

Name 5 synovial joints

A

hinge, ball and socket, saddle, plane, condyloid/ ellipsoid,

76
Q

What happens in the grey matter

A

descending motor tracts enter anterior horn of grey matter and transmitted via ventral root to nerve root. The posterior rami goes to the intrinsic muscles of the back and the anterior rami goes to the rest of the body.

77
Q

What do the nerves innervate that make up the caudal equina?

A

L2-5, S1-5, coccygeal

78
Q

what is the blood supply to the head of the femur

A

obturator branch

79
Q

what does the lateral and medial circumflex artery supply?

A

the neck of the femur

80
Q

What muscles abduct the hip

A

gluteus medius and minimus

81
Q

what muscles extend the hip

A

gluteus maximus

82
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps femorus attach?

A

linea aspera

83
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius

84
Q

what is in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibulas longus, fibula’s brevis

85
Q

What is in the deep posterior leg

A

tibiaslis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus

86
Q

What is in the superficial posterior compartment of leg

A

gastrocnemius, soles and plantaris

87
Q

What does the deep peroneal nerve supply

A

the space between 1st and second toe

88
Q

What does the rural nerve supply

A

5th toe

89
Q

Where is the deltoid ligament o

A

on the ankle medially

90
Q

Which tendon/ ligament helps support the medial arch

A

tibialis posterior tendon and spring ligament

91
Q

What is pes planus

A

flat feet

92
Q

where is the tibias posterior dysfunction most commonly occur

A

posterior to medial malleolus

93
Q

What does the posterior tibias do?

A

stabilised medial longitudinal arch

94
Q

What is associated with tibias posterior dysfunction, varus or valgus

A

valgus

95
Q

How do you treat TPD

A

physio, insole, footwear change, NO injections, surgery

96
Q

What is pes cavus?

A

Opposite of flat foot

97
Q

What sign is common with pes cavus

A

clawing of toes

98
Q

Descrive plantar fasciitis

A

pain after rest/ exercising, swelling under heel and tenderness

99
Q

How do you treat plantar fasciitis

A

NSAIDS, night splints, taping, heel cups, physio, steroid injection

100
Q

Is hallux values self limiting?

A

Yup

101
Q

Does hallux valgus occur bilaterally or singly

A

bilaterally

102
Q

What can you do to treat hallux valgus

A

shoe modification, padding or operative

103
Q

What is the first line surgery of hallux rigidus

A

fusion

104
Q

What percentage of people does rheumatoid foot occur in?

A

90%

105
Q

What is morons neuroma

A

degenerative fibrosis in digital nerve§

106
Q

How would you treat achilles tendinosis

A

NSAIDS, orthotics, physio, surgery, shockwave therapy?

107
Q

What do you do with a ankle sprain?

A

rest, ice elevate, physio

108
Q

True or false, if you fracture one malleolus you are likely to do the same on the other side

A

true

109
Q

If there is a stable fracture, would you put your patient in a cast or boot?

A

boot

110
Q

Where in the shoulder is susceptible to dislocation

A

acromioclavicular joint

111
Q

Which muscles move the shoulder girdle

A

superficial muscles of the back

112
Q

what does the trapezius do?

A

elevate and depress scapula and retract

113
Q

Why is the glenerohumeral joint susceptible to?

A

dislocation, OA, adhesive capsulitis

114
Q

What is the labrum useful for?

A

stability

115
Q

What do rotator cuff muscles do?

A

stabilise the shoulder and move the arm

116
Q

What does supraspinatous muscle do?

A

abduct arm

117
Q

what does infraspinatous do?

A

externally rotate the arm

118
Q

What does the teres minor do

A

externally rotate the arm

119
Q

What does the subscapulairs do

A

internally rotate the arm

120
Q

What three muscles insert tat the greater tuberosity of the humerus

A

supraspinatous, infraspinatous and teres minor

121
Q

What is the rotator cuff susceptible to?

A

tears and impingement

122
Q

What muscles move the arm

A

deltoid (abducts arm), biceps brachii (flex elbow, supinates forearm),

123
Q

Which muscle is susceptible to tendonitis

A

biceps brachii

124
Q

In the elbow which bone is susceptible to fracture

A

radial neck and head

125
Q

What kind of disease/ fractures is the elbow susceptible to?

A

OA and RA, elbow dislocation and olecranon fractue

126
Q

Where is particularly susceptible to fractures in children?

A

supracondylar region of the elbow

127
Q

What is the olecranon bursa susceptible to?

A

Bursitis!

128
Q

Where is the site for all extensor muscles of the forearm

A

lateral epicondyle

129
Q

Where are extensors found in wrist?

A

on the palm facing down (dorsal)

130
Q

where are flexors found on wrist

A

volar side (palm facing up)

131
Q

Medial epicondyle is the site where flexors/extensors insert

A

flexors

132
Q

Which bone is it that rotates during pronation and supination

A

radius

133
Q

What would a distal radial fracture look like?

A

a bent fork

134
Q

What controls the fine motor control in the hands?

A

intrinsic muscles

135
Q

what do extrinsic muscles control

A

finger flexion and extension of wrist

136
Q

What does the thenar muscles do and what are they (3 muscles)

A

moves thumb

opponens pollici, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis

137
Q

What is the hypothenar muslce

A

abductor digiti minimi

138
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

interossei muscles (dorsal- abducts and palmar- adducts fingers at MCPJ) Lumbrical muscles

139
Q

Where does the flexor digitorium superficialis pass and do

A

carpal tunnel and flexes fingers at proximal IPJ

140
Q

what flexes the distal IPJ?

A

flexor digitorum profundus

141
Q

Which annular ligament is most commonly involved in trigger finger

A

A1

142
Q

What do the cruciate pulley do

A

prevent sheath collapse during digital motion

143
Q

What disease is palmar fascia susceptible to

A

dupuytrens

144
Q

What is the arterial supply to the hand

A

radial and ulnar artery > deep and superficial arch > common digital arteries

145
Q

The arterial supply of the digits is related to side of digit (i.e. radial and ulnar) as opposed to the artery it originates from

A

so if side is closer to ulnar, it will be ulnar ect ect

146
Q

What is the peripheral nerves if the hand

A

median, ulnar and radial- cutaneous sensation

147
Q

What does the median nerve supply

A

flexors of forearm, radial 3.5 digits and base of thenar muscles

148
Q

what does the ulnar nerve supply

A

small muscles of hand, ulnar 1.5 digits- test dorsum and volar parts of little finger

149
Q

What does the radial nerve supply

A

extensors of the forearm- test dorm of first web space

150
Q

What makes up the brachial plexus

A

lower 4 cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve root (C5-8& T1)

151
Q

What regions does the brachial plexus reach?

A

neck, axilla, arm

152
Q

What does Real Texans Drink Cold Beer stand for

A

R- roots, T- trunks D- divisions C-cords B-branches

153
Q

Where do you get carpal tunnel syndrome?>

A

at the wrist

154
Q

If the ulnar nerve is compressed in the cubital fossa what happens

A

cubital tunnel syndrome

155
Q

What nerve is compressed during carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve

Musculoskeletal (29 decks)

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