Anatomy Flashcards
5 areas of the hypothalamus
- Lateral area
- Ventromedial area
- Anterior hypothalamus
- Posterior hypothalamus
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Lateral area of the hypothalamus does __.
Hunger. Lesioned -> anorexia.
Stimulated by ghrelin.
Inhibited by leptin.
Ventromedial area of the hypothalamus does ___.
Satiety. Lesion –> hyperphagia.
Stimulated by leptin.
Anterior hypothalamus does ___
Cooling. Parasympathetic.
Posterior hypothalamus does ___.
Heating. Sympathetic
Suprchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus does ___
Circadian rhythm.
How does the SCN work?
SCN releases norepinephrine causing the pineal gland to release melatonin. SCN is regulated by light/environment.
REM sleep?
What waves?
Extraocular movement during REM is due to activity of PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center). 25% of sleep.
REM occurs every 90min, increases through night, and ACh increases in REM.
EtOH, benzos, barbs, norepinephrine, decrease REM.
Beta waves.
Loss of motor tone, increase brain O2 use, variable pulse and BP, dreaming/nightmares, penile/clitoral tumescence.
Beta waves
Awake - eyes open.
Highest frequency, lowest amplitude.
Alpha waves
Awake - eyes closed
Non-REM, Stage N1
5%
Light sleep.
Theta waves
Non-REM, Stage N2
45%
Deeper sleep, when bruxism occur.
Sleep spindles and K complexes.
Non-REM, Stage N3
25%
Deepest non-REM, slow wave. When sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur.
Delta waves (lowest frequency, highest amplitude )
5 nuclei of the Thalamus
- Ventral postero-lateral nucleus (VPL)
- Ventral postero- Medial nucleus (VPM)
- Lateral geniculate nucleus
- Medial geniculate nucleus
- Ventral lateral nucleus
Input, output, and senses for the Ventral postero-lateral nucleus:
Input: spinothalamic tract, dorsal columns, medial lemniscus
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex.
Senses: pain, temp, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception.
Input, output, and senses for the Ventral postero-medial nucleus:
Input: Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex.
Senses: Face sensation, taste.
Input, output, and senses for the lateral geniculate nucleus:
Input: CN II
Output: Calcarine sulcus
Senses: Vision
Input, output, and senses for the medial geniculate nucleus:
Input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Output: auditory cortex of temporal lobe
Senses: Hearing
Input, output, and senses for the ventral lateral nucleus:
Input: basal ganglia, cerebellum
Output: Motor cortex
Senses: Motor
Limbic system structures are ___ and they are responsible for ___.
Structures: 1. hippocampus 2. amygdala 3. fornix 4. mammillary bodies 5. cingulate gyrus Responsible for: 1. Feeding 2. Fleeing 3. Fighting 4. Feeling 5. Fucking
4 dopaminergic pathways:
Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
Nigrostriatal
Tuberinfundibular
Which dopaminergic pathway is the primary target of antipsychotic drugs? Why?
Mesolimbic.
Responsive for positive symptoms (delusions, hallucination) i.e. increased activity is the problem so the drugs decreases the activity/symptoms.
Which dopaminergic pathway is responsible for negative symptoms (flat effect, limited speech) of schzophrenia?
Mesocortical. Decreased activity of this pathway produces symptoms.
Which dopaminergic pathway is responsible for extrapyramidal (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia) symptoms?
Nigrostriatal!
Decreased activity produces symptoms.
