Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

5 areas of the hypothalamus

A
  1. Lateral area
  2. Ventromedial area
  3. Anterior hypothalamus
  4. Posterior hypothalamus
  5. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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2
Q

Lateral area of the hypothalamus does __.

A

Hunger. Lesioned -> anorexia.
Stimulated by ghrelin.
Inhibited by leptin.

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3
Q

Ventromedial area of the hypothalamus does ___.

A

Satiety. Lesion –> hyperphagia.

Stimulated by leptin.

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4
Q

Anterior hypothalamus does ___

A

Cooling. Parasympathetic.

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5
Q

Posterior hypothalamus does ___.

A

Heating. Sympathetic

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6
Q

Suprchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus does ___

A

Circadian rhythm.

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7
Q

How does the SCN work?

A

SCN releases norepinephrine causing the pineal gland to release melatonin. SCN is regulated by light/environment.

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8
Q

REM sleep?

What waves?

A

Extraocular movement during REM is due to activity of PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center). 25% of sleep.
REM occurs every 90min, increases through night, and ACh increases in REM.
EtOH, benzos, barbs, norepinephrine, decrease REM.
Beta waves.
Loss of motor tone, increase brain O2 use, variable pulse and BP, dreaming/nightmares, penile/clitoral tumescence.

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9
Q

Beta waves

A

Awake - eyes open.

Highest frequency, lowest amplitude.

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10
Q

Alpha waves

A

Awake - eyes closed

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11
Q

Non-REM, Stage N1

A

5%
Light sleep.
Theta waves

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12
Q

Non-REM, Stage N2

A

45%
Deeper sleep, when bruxism occur.
Sleep spindles and K complexes.

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13
Q

Non-REM, Stage N3

A

25%
Deepest non-REM, slow wave. When sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur.
Delta waves (lowest frequency, highest amplitude )

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14
Q

5 nuclei of the Thalamus

A
  1. Ventral postero-lateral nucleus (VPL)
  2. Ventral postero- Medial nucleus (VPM)
  3. Lateral geniculate nucleus
  4. Medial geniculate nucleus
  5. Ventral lateral nucleus
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15
Q

Input, output, and senses for the Ventral postero-lateral nucleus:

A

Input: spinothalamic tract, dorsal columns, medial lemniscus
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex.
Senses: pain, temp, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception.

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16
Q

Input, output, and senses for the Ventral postero-medial nucleus:

A

Input: Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex.
Senses: Face sensation, taste.

17
Q

Input, output, and senses for the lateral geniculate nucleus:

A

Input: CN II
Output: Calcarine sulcus
Senses: Vision

18
Q

Input, output, and senses for the medial geniculate nucleus:

A

Input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Output: auditory cortex of temporal lobe
Senses: Hearing

19
Q

Input, output, and senses for the ventral lateral nucleus:

A

Input: basal ganglia, cerebellum
Output: Motor cortex
Senses: Motor

20
Q

Limbic system structures are ___ and they are responsible for ___.

A
Structures: 
1. hippocampus
2. amygdala
3. fornix
4. mammillary bodies
5. cingulate gyrus
Responsible for:
1. Feeding
2. Fleeing
3. Fighting
4. Feeling
5. Fucking
21
Q

4 dopaminergic pathways:

A

Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
Nigrostriatal
Tuberinfundibular

22
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway is the primary target of antipsychotic drugs? Why?

A

Mesolimbic.
Responsive for positive symptoms (delusions, hallucination) i.e. increased activity is the problem so the drugs decreases the activity/symptoms.

23
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway is responsible for negative symptoms (flat effect, limited speech) of schzophrenia?

A

Mesocortical. Decreased activity of this pathway produces symptoms.

24
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway is responsible for extrapyramidal (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia) symptoms?

A

Nigrostriatal!

Decreased activity produces symptoms.

25
Which dopaminergic pathway is responsible for decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia?
Tuberoinfundibular. Decreased activity causes increased prolactin causing symptoms.
26
Input to the cerebellum:
Contralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle. | Ipsilateral proprioceptive information via interior cerebellar peduncle from spinal cord.
27
Output from cerebellum:
Info to contralateral cortex to modulate movement. | Output nerves: Purkinje cells -> deep nuclei of cerebellum -> contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle.