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Endocrine SB > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diencephalon composed of

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is the role of the diencephalon

A

forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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4
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior

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6
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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7
Q

where does the pituitary fossa lie

A

within the sella turcica

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8
Q

what can a pituitary tumour cause

A

vision loss, specifically

Bitemporal Hemianopia

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9
Q

why does a pituitary tumour cause Bitemporal Hemianopia

A

disrupts the transmission of APS from the nasal retina bilaterally
causes lose in temporal side of visual field bilaterally

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10
Q

what is the surgical access to the pituitary fossa

A

transsphenoidal

transcranial

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11
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses

A

mucous-secreting resp mucosa

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12
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A 
frontal bone (frontal sinuses)
maxillae (maxillary sinuses)
ethmoid bone (ethmoidal air cells)
sphenoid bone (sphenoid sinuses)
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13
Q

what is an ostia

A

bony drainage hole in nasal cavities for mucous

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14
Q

what adheres to the internal aspects of all the bones of the cranial vault

A

dura mater

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15
Q

what is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa

A

the diaphragm sellae

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16
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

tough sheet of dura mater “tenting” over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa has a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through

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17
Q

venous drainage in the brain

A

venous channels within the dura mater &raquo_space; internal jugular veins

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18
Q

where do the internal carotid arteries pass through to get into the skull

A

cavernous sinuses

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19
Q

where does the internal jugular veins pass through to get into the skull

A

jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

what connects the cavernous sinuses (R+L) anterior to the pituitary gland

A

anterior intercavernous sinus

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21
Q

where does the internal carotid artery travel to after it has entered the skull via the cavernous sinuses

A

carotid canal in the temporal bone

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22
Q

what structures are at risk in pituitary gland structures

A 
Optic chiasm
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducent nerve 
Cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Dura mater
23
Q

what connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid gland

A

the isthmus

24
Q

where does the isthmus lie

A

anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

25
Q

how can you differentiate whether a lump is on the thyroid gland

A

thyroid gland is attached to the larynx & trachea

therefore, lump in the gland will move with the larynx during swallowing (i.e. up then down)

26
Q

where are the 4 parathyroid glands located

A

on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes
- superior and inferior on either side

27
Q

what is a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland

A

third thyroid lobe
present in about 28-55% of the population
most commonly originates from the left lateral lobe
may extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone

28
Q

embryology - where does the thyroid gland begin its development

A

midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

29
Q

where does the gland migrate to

A

inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

30
Q

where is the gland final position

A

C7

31
Q

what muscle has a close relation to the thyroid gland

A

the platysma

32
Q

where is the platysma located

A

immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck

33
Q

what group of muscles does platysma belong to and what is its nerve supply

A

the muscles of facial expression

CN VII - facial nerve

34
Q

what are the fascial compartments of the neck

A

investing (deep) (most anterior)
prevertebral (deep)
pretracheal (most posterior)

35
Q

what lies between investing and pre-tracheal fascia

A

the 2 carotid sheaths

36
Q

what does prevertebral enclose

A

cervical vertebrae & the postural neck muscles

37
Q

what does investing fascia enclose

A

encloses all the other neck fascial compartments
encloses 2 pairs of muscles:
- trapezius
- sternocleidomastoid

38
Q

what does pre tracheal fascia enclose

A

the strap muscles
the thyroid gland the trachea the oesophagus
the recurrent laryngeal nerves

39
Q

what is enclosed in the carotid sheaths

A

the internal jugular veins
the carotid arteries
vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes

40
Q

where does the retropharyngeal space lie

A

between the pre tracheal and the prevertebral fascia

41
Q

what fascia is the sternocleidomastoid enclosed in

A

investing fascia

42
Q

where are the carotid sheaths

A

deep to the investing fascia & located anterolaterally in the neck either side of the thyroid gland

43
Q

what is the blood supply of the thyroid gland

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

44
Q

what is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of

A

subclavian artery

45
Q

what is the superior thyroid artery a branch of

A

external carotid artery

46
Q

what is the venous drainage of the thyroid

A

superior thyroid vein
middle thyroid vein
inferior thyroid vein

47
Q

where do the thyroid veins drain to

A

superior and middle thyroid veins - internal jugular vein

inferior thyroid vein
- brachiocephalic veins

all then drain into SVC

48
Q

what is the lymph drainage of the thyroid

A

pre-tracheal and para-tracheal lymph nodes

which then drain into the superior and inferior deep cervical nodes

49
Q

what branches of the vagus nerve supply the larynx

A

superior laryngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal nerve

50
Q

what are the strap muscles

A

sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid

51
Q

what is at risk during an operation of the thyroid

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

52
Q

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply

A

skeletal muscles that move the vocal cords

53
Q

what would unilateral and bilateral injury cause

A

unilateral - hoarseness/weakness of the voice, weak cough

bilateral - aphonia (inability to produce sound), inability to close the rima glottidis or produce a good cough

54
Q

what fascia is the thyroid enclosed in

A

pretracheal (deep) fascia

Endocrine SB (15 decks)

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