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Cardiovascular RT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where is the heart situated?

A

middle mediastinum in the pericardial sac

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2
Q

the fibrous pericardium is lined internally by what?

A

parietal serous pericardium

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3
Q

the pericardial cavity is between what two serous layer?

A

parietal pericardium (on the internal side of the fibrous pericardium) and the epicardium.

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4
Q

the epicardium secretes what?

A

pericardial fluid lubricant

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5
Q

what is it called when the pericardial cavity fills with blood?

A

haemopericardium

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6
Q

what is it called when there is pressure around the heart preventing cardiac contraction? (ie during a haemopericardium)

A

cardiac tamponade

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7
Q

what is the name of the process where you drain fluid from the pericardial cavity?

A

pericardiocentesis

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8
Q

what is the space within the pericardial cavity, that lies posterior to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk?

A

transverse pericardial sinus

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9
Q

usually, where is the apex of the heart?

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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10
Q

what is it called when the apex beat is shifted to the left?

A

cardiomegaly

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11
Q

the right coronary artery is located where?

A

in the coronary groove

indicates tricuspid valve

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12
Q

the LAD branch of the left coronary artery is located where?

A

the anterior interventricular groove (indicates septal between ventricles)

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13
Q

what is located in the posterior atrioventricular groove?

A

coronary sinus

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14
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

a short venous conduit which receives deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins

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15
Q

what is located in the posterior interventricular groove?

A

posterior interventricular artery of the right coronary artery

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16
Q

what takes up the majority of the base of the heart?

A

left atrium

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17
Q

what lies in the left atrioventricular groove?

A

left main stem coronary artery?

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18
Q

where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

right and left aortic sinuses

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19
Q

Coronary arteries are embedded within what type of tissue?

A

adipose tissue, just deep to the epicardium

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20
Q

what is the name of the structure which divies the heart into a right and a left side?

A

septum

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21
Q

what name is given to the condition where there is a hole in the interatrial septum?

A

atrial septal defect

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22
Q

what name is given to the condition where there is a hole in the interventricular septum?

A

ventricular septal defect

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23
Q

what is the life-threatening problem that can occur due to a septal defect?

A

mixing of arterial and venous blood

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24
Q

how does the heart muscle pump ensure unidirectional flow?

A

the 4 cardiac valves- one valve at exit from the cardiac chamber

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25
Q

what carries the fibres of the right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp of the tricuspid?

A

moderator band

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26
Q

incompetent valves are leaky and cause?

A

regurgitation

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27
Q

valves that are too tight are known as?

A

stenotic

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28
Q

what is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

A

rib 1, T1 and the jugular notch

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29
Q

what plane is between the sternal angle and T4/5?

A

transverse thoracic plane

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30
Q

where is the thymus?

A

anterior mediastinum

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31
Q

what is the function of the thymus?

A

a lymphoid gland that produces T lymphocytes in children.

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32
Q

after puberty, what does the thymus become replaced with?

A

adipose tissue

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33
Q

what 7 important structures lie within the posterior mediastinum?

A
  1. oesophagus
  2. azygos vein
  3. sympathetic trunks
  4. thoracic duct
  5. vagus nerves
  6. thoracic aorta
  7. trachea and 2 main bronchi
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34
Q

where do the intercostal veins drain?

A

posteriorly into the azygos vein

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35
Q

the azygos vein arches anteriorly and drains into what structure?

A

superior vena cava

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36
Q

what are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian?

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37
Q

name 5 branches from the thoracic aortas anterior surface.

A
  1. bronchial arteries
  2. oesophageal arteries
  3. mediastinal arteries
  4. pericardial arteries
  5. phrenic arteries
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38
Q

the right lymphatic duct drains lymph to where?

A

the right venous angle

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39
Q

the thoracic duct drains lymph to where?

A

the left venous angle

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40
Q

what is the swollen area of the start of the thoracic duct called?

A

cisterna chyli

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41
Q

what is the opening in the diaphragm to allow the aorta to pass through called?

A

aortic hiatus

42
Q

the right phrenic nerve passes the diaphragm with what blood vessel in order to supply the diaphragm from the inferior aspect?

A

Inferior vena cava

43
Q

what is the name of the remnant of the ductus arteriosus?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

44
Q

what nerve passes under the ligamentum arteriosum and back to the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve

45
Q

name the 3 nerves that pass through the mediastinum?

lateral to medial

A

phrenic
vagus
recurrent laryngeal

46
Q

what are the 8 central veins?

A 
internal jugular veins
subclavian veins
brachiocephalic veins
superior vena cava
right atrium
inferior vena cava
iliac veins
femoral veins
47
Q

what are the name of large veins close enough to the heart that they approx reflex the pressure in the right atrium?

A

central veins

48
Q

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under which artery before returning to the larynx?

A

right subclavian

49
Q

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under which artery before returning to the larynx?

A

arch of the aorta

50
Q

what 3 types of nerves does the vagus nerve contain?

A

somatic sensory, somatic motor, parasympathetic

51
Q

What body parts do the somatic sensory nerve fibres of the vagus supply?

A

the palate
laryngopharynx
larynx

52
Q

what body part do the somatic motor nerve fibres of the vagus supply?

A

pharynx

larynx

53
Q

what body parts do the parasympathetic nerve fibres of the vagus supply?

A

thoracic and abdominal organs

54
Q

Once the vagus nerves have given off their recurrent laryngeal branch what nerve fibres do the contain?

A

only parasympathetic fibres

55
Q

the phrenic nerves supply somotatic motor to?

A

the diaphragm

56
Q

the phrenic nerves supply somatic sensory to?

A

the mediastinal parietal pleura, the fibrous pericardium, the diaphragmatic parietal pleura, the diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum

57
Q

pain from the diaphragm can often be referred to what body part?

A

the shoulder

58
Q

what do the recurrent laryngeal nerve muscles supply?

A

the muscles of the larynx

59
Q

what does the cephalic vein drain?

A

upper limb

superficial vein

60
Q

peripheral pulse:

brachial artery

A

medial to the biceps brachii tendon, in the cubital fossa

61
Q

peripheral pulse:

radial artery

A

lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis

62
Q

peripheral pulse: bifurcation of the common carotid

A

anterior to the sternocleiodomastoid, at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

63
Q

peripheral pulse: femoral artery

A

inferior to midpoint of the inguinal ligament

64
Q

peripheral pulse: popliteal artery

A

in the popliteal fossa

65
Q

peripheral pulse: posterior tibial artery

A

between the posterior border of the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon

66
Q

peripheral pulse: dorsalis pedis artery

A

medial to tendon of extensor hallicus longus on the dorsum of the foot

67
Q

Sympathetic nervous control of the heart do what 2 things?

A
  1. increases heart rate

2. increases contractility

68
Q

Parasympathetic nervous control of the heart does what 1 thing?

A
  1. decreases heart rare
69
Q

what plexus do the autonomic nerves reach the heart via?

A

the cardiac plexus

70
Q

Pain fibres travel to spinal cord alongisde what type of autonomic nerves?

A

sympathetic nerves

71
Q

Visceral reflex afferents from baroreceptors travely mainly in what crainial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

72
Q

What type of fibre connects the CNS to the ganglion?

A

Presynaptic fibre

73
Q

What is the synapse between axon of presynaptic neurone and the cell body of postsynaptic neurone called?

A

ganglion

74
Q

What type of fibre connects the ganglion to the organ?

A

Postsynaptic fibre

75
Q

Presynaptic sympathetic fibres from the brain travel inferiorly within the spinal cord and exit the spinal cord at what vertebrae?

A

T1-L2/3

76
Q

Once the sympathetic presynaptic fibres leave the spinal cord what FIVE options can they take?

A
  1. go into the ganglion of that level and synapse in the sympathetic chain
  2. travel superiorly in the sympathetic chain to synapse at another ganglion
  3. travel inferiorly in the sympathetic chain to synapse at another ganglion
  4. pass straight through the sympathetic chain ganglion without synapsing and synapses at a prevertebral ganglia
  5. pass straight to the adrenal medulla without synapsing at the sympathetic chain or the prevertebral ganglia
77
Q

What is the collective name of the sympathetic nerve fibres which don’t synapse at the sympathetic chain but at the prevertebral ganglia?

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

78
Q

what do the sympathetic fibres which pass straight to the adrenal medulla without synapsing in the sympathetic chain of the prevertebral ganglia stimulate?

A

the release of adrenaline

79
Q

what type of nerve fibres are involved in the cardiac plexus?

A

sympathetic fibres
parasympathetic fibres
visceral afferents

80
Q

cardiopulmonary splanchnic presynaptic nerves synapse where?

sympathetic nerve fibres

A

cervical and upper thoracic sympathietic chains

81
Q

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic functions?

A

III, VII, IX, X

82
Q

what type of autonomic function do pelvic spanchnic nerves have?

A

parasympathetic

83
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse onto ganglia where?

A

within the walls of the organs

84
Q

what does vagal tone within the heart do?

A

slows the resting heart rate

85
Q

postsynaptic cardiac sympathetic efferent and cardiac visceral afferent travel in what type of nerves?

A

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

86
Q

Where are visceral afferent chemoreceptor nerve endings found in the heart?

A

root of the aorta and IV septum

87
Q

Where are 6 places visceral afferent nerve endings that detect stretch and chemicals in the heart located?

A
  1. inner aortic arch
  2. pulmonary trunk
  3. around the SA node
  4. outflow tracts from both ventricles
  5. papillary muscles
  6. vena cava
88
Q

what is pain in an anatomical way?

A

stimulation of sensory receptor, afferent action potential travels to the brain

89
Q

where do somatosensory APs bring body wall sensations into consciousness?

A

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

90
Q

posterior rootlets are for what type of somatic function?

A

somatic sensory

91
Q

anterior rootlets are for what type of somatic function?

A

somatic motor

92
Q

Where do somatomotor APs that cause contractions of skeletal muscle originate?

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

93
Q

Where does the reactivation of herpes zoster (shingles) occur?

A

posterior root ganglion

94
Q

In herpes zoster (shingles), what precedes the classic blisters?

A

pain in the dermatome of the reactivation of dormant virus

95
Q

Do the phrenic nerves descend anteriorly or posteriorly to the lung root?

A

anteriorly

96
Q

what is the name of feeling pain at a site remote to the actual area of injury?

A

referred pain

97
Q

where does the left coronary artery arise from?

A

the left aortic sinus

98
Q

where does the right coronary artery arise from?

A

the right aortic sinus

99
Q

what type of coronary blood supply dominancy is the most common?

A

right dominant pattern (ie right coronary artery supplies more areas of the heart than the left coronary artery)

100
Q

What are the 4 most common sites within the coronary arteries for narrowing due to atherosclerosis?

A

(in descending order of likelihood)

  1. anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery
  2. right coronary artery
  3. circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
  4. left main stem coronary artery.
101
Q

In the majority of patients from which coronary artery does the SA node obtain its blood supply?

A

right coronary artery near its origin

102
Q

In the majority of patients from which coronary artery does the AV node obtain its blood supply?

A

right coronary artery, near origin of posterior interventricular artery.

Cardiovascular RT (12 decks)

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