Anatomy Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What can injury to retroperitoneal structures cause
A
Blood or gas accumulation in retroperitoneal space
2
Q
Retroperitoneal structures/organs
A
SAD PUCKER: Suprarenal (adrenal glands) Aorta and IVD Duodenum (2nd through 4th parts) Pancreas (except tail) Ureters Colon (ascending and descending) Kidneys Esophagus (thoracic portion) Rectum (partially)
3
Q
Derivative of fetal umbilical vein
A
Falciform ligament
4
Q
Connects liver to anterior abdominal wall
A
Falciform ligament
5
Q
Structures contained in the falciform ligament
A
Ligamentum teres hepatis
6
Q
Tissue falciform ligament derived from
A
Ventral mesentery
7
Q
Structure ligamentum teres hepatis derived from
A
Fetal umbilical vein
8
Q
Connects liver to duodenum
A
Hepatoduodenal ligament
9
Q
Structures contained within the hepatoduodenal ligament
A
Portal triad: common Bile duct, Portal vein, proper Hepatic artery
10
Q
Maneuver used to control bleeding by compressing hepatoduodenal ligament between thumb and index finger
A
Pringle maneuver
11
Q
Cavity where fingers are placed to perform Pringle maneuver
A
Omental foramen
12
Q
Ligament which borders omental foramen and lesser sacs
A
Hepatoduodenal ligament
13
Q
Ligament used for Pringle maneuver
A
Hepatoduodenal ligament
14
Q
Connects liver to lesser curvature of the stomach
A
Gastrohepatic ligament
15
Q
Structures contained within the Gastrohepatic ligament
A
Gastric arteries
16
Q
Ligament which separates the greater and lesser sacs on the right
A
Gastrohepatic ligament
17
Q
Ligament which may be cut to access lesser sac during surgery
A
Gastrohepatic ligament
18
Q
Ligaments that are part of the lesser omentum
A
Hepatoduodenal and Gastrohepatic ligaments
19
Q
Ligament which connects the greater curvature and transverse colon
A
Gastrocolic ligament
20
Q
Structures contained within the Gastrocolic ligament
A
Gastroepiploic arteries
21
Q
Ligament which connects the greater curvature and spleen
A
Gastrosplenic ligament
22
Q
Structures contained within the Gastrosplenic ligament
A
Short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels
23
Q
Ligament which separates the greater and lesser sacs on the left
A
Gastrosplenic ligament
24
Q
Ligaments which are part of the greater omentum
A
Gastrosplenic and Gastrocolic ligaments
25
Ligament which connects spleen to posterior abdominal wall
Splenorenal ligament
26
Structures contained within the Splenorenal ligament
Splenic artery and vein and tail of pancreas
27
Layers of the gut wall
MSMS:
| Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
28
Layers of the mucosal layer of gut wall
Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa
29
Layers of the submucosa of gut wall
Submucosal gland and Meissner plexus
30
Layers of the muscularis externa
Inner circular layer, Auerbach plexus, Outer longitudinal layer
31
Erosions are found in which gut walls
Mucosal layer only
32
Ulcers are found in which gut walls
Can extend into all gut layers
33
Frequency of basal electric rhythm waves in stomach
3 waves/min
34
Frequency of basal electric rhythm waves in duodenum
12 waves/min
35
Frequency of basal electric rhythm waves in ileum
8-9 waves/min
36
Outer layer of gut wall when intraperitoneal
Serosa
37
Outer layer of gut wall when retroperitoneal
Adventitia
38
Type of tissue in the esophagus
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
39
Location of gastric glands
Stomach
40
Location of Brunner glands
Submucosa of duodenum
41
Glands that secrete HCO3-
Brunner glands
42
Location of crypts of Lieberkuhn
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
43
Structure that contains stem cells that replace enterocytes and goblet cells
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
44
Cells that secrete defensins, lysozyme and TNF
Paneth cells
45
Location of stem cells and Paneth cells
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
46
Location of plicae circulares
Distal duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum
47
Section of small intestine that contains the largest number of goblet cells
Ileum
48
Lymphoid aggregates in lamina propria and submucosa
Peyer patches
49
Location of Peyer patches
Ileum
50
Direction arteries supplying GI structures branch
Anteriorly
51
Direction arteries supplying non-GI structures branch
Laterally and posteriorly
52
Main artery that supplies the foregut
Celiac artery
53
Provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut
Vagus nerve
54
Organ of mesoderm origin found in the foregut
Spleen
55
Vertebral level celiac artery is located
T12/L1
56
Nerve that supplies innervation to the pharynx
Vagus nerve
57
Provides blood supply to the lower esophagus
Celiac artery
58
Structures supplied by the celiac artery
Lower esophagus to proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
59
Main artery that supplies the midgut
SMA
60
Vertebral level SMA is located
L1
61
Provides parasympathetic innervation to the midgut
Vagus
62
Structures supplied by the SMA
Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
63
Main artery that supplies the hindgut
IMA
64
Vertebral level IMA is located
L3
65
Provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut
Pelvic splanchnic
66
Structures supplied by the IMA
Distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper portion of rectum
67
Branches of the celiac trunk
Splenic artery, Left gastric artery, Common hepatic artery
68
Constitute the main blood supply to the stomach
Splenic artery, Left gastric artery, Common hepatic artery
69
Anastomoses with the left gastroepiploic artery
Right gastroepiploic artery
70
Anastomoses with the left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
71
Ulcer that can damage gastroduodenal artery causing hemorrhage
Posterior duodenal ulcer
72
Ulcer that can cause pneumoperitoneum
Anterior duodenal ulcer
73
Artery that may be damaged in a posterior duodenal ulcer
Gastroduodenal artery
74
Condition that may be caused by an anterior duodenal ulcer
Pneumoperitoneum
75
Supply blood to lesser curvature of the stomach
Left and Right gastric arteries
76
Supply blood to the greater curvature of the stomach
Right and Left gastroepiploic arteries
77
Branches off the splenic artery to supply the fundus of the stomach
Short gastric
78
Branches off the splenic artery to supply the left side of the greater curvature of the stomach
Left gastroepiploic artery
79
Branches of the splenic artery
Short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries
80
Branches off the left gastric artery to supply the esophagus
Esophageal branches
81
Branches of the common hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal and Proper hepatic artery
82
Branches of the Proper hepatic artery
Left and Right hepatic arteries and right gastric artery
83
Branches off the Right hepatic artery to supply the gallbladder
Cystic artery
84
Branches off the Proper hepatic artery to supply the right lesser curve of the stomach
Right gastric artery
85
Branch off the Gastroduodenal artery to supply the proximal duodenum
Anterior and Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
86
Branches of the Gastroduodenal artery
Anterior and Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries and the right Gastroepiploic artery
87
Clinical sign between superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal veins in portal HTN
Anorectal varices
88
Clinical sign between paraumbilical veins and small epigastric veins of the anterior abdominal wall in portal HTN
Caput medusae
89
Clinical sign between left gastric and azygous veins in portal HTN
Esophageal varices
90
Treatment which places a device between the portal vein and hepatic vein to relieve portal HTN by shunting blood to the systemic circulation, bypassing liver
TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt)
91
TIPS device is placed between what two veins to reliever portal HTN
Portal vein and hepatic vein
92
Anatomic structure in anal canal formed by union between endoderm and ectoderm
Pectinate line (dentate)
93
Pathologies that form above pectinate line
Internal hemorrhoids and adenocarcinoma
94
Blood supply to the anal canal above the pectinate line
Superior rectal artery
95
Superior rectal artery branches off what main artery
IMA
96
Venous drainage above the pectinate line
Superior rectal vein - inferior mesenteric vein - splenic vein - portal vein
97
The superior rectal vein drains into what vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
98
The inferior mesenteric vein drains into what vein
Splenic vein
99
The splenic vein drains into what vein
Portal vein
100
Lymphatic drainage from the anal canal above the pectinate
Internal iliac lymph nodes
101
Pathologies that form below pectinate line
External hemorrhoids, anal fissures, squamous cell carcinoma
102
Blood supply to the anal canal below the pectinate line
Inferior rectal artery
103
Inferior rectal artery branches off what main artery
Internal pudendal artery
104
Venous drainage below the pectinate line
Inferior rectal vein - internal pudendal vein- internal iliac vein - common iliac vein - IVC
105
The inferior rectal vein drains into what vein
Internal pudendal vein
106
The internal pudendal vein drains into what vein
Internal iliac vein
107
The internal iliac vein drains into what vein
Common iliac vein
108
The common iliac vein drains into what vein
IVC
109
Tear in the anal mucosa below the pectinate line
Anal fissure
110
Anal fissures are associated with what type of diets
Low fiber diets
111
Symptoms of anal fissures
Pain while Pooping, blood on toilet Paper
112
Common location of anal fissures in anal canal
Posteriorly because Poorly Perfused
113
Lymphatic drainage from anal canal below pectinate line
Superficial inguinal nodes
114
Innervation to anal canal below pectinate line
Inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve
115
Innervation to anal canal above pectinate line
Visceral innervation
116
Surface of hepatocytes that faces bile canaliculi
Apical side
117
Surface of hepatocytes that faces sinusoids
Basolateral
118
Specialized macrophages that form lining of sinusoids
Kupffer cells
119
Cells in the space of Disse that store vitamin A and produce extracellular matrix
Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells
120
Function of stellate cells when quiescent
Store vitamin A
121
Function of stellate cells when active
Produce extracellular matrix
122
Zone of liver affected first by viral hepatitis
Zone I (peripheral zone)
123
Zone of liver affected first by ingested toxins
Zone I (peripheral zone)
124
Zone of liver affected first by yellow fever
Zone II (intermediate zone)
125
Zone of liver affected first by ischemia
Zone III (centrilobular zone)
126
Zone of liver that contains cytochrome P-450 system
Zone III (centrilobular zone)
127
Zone of liver most sensitive to metabolic toxins
Zone III (centrilobular zone)
128
Zone of liver that is site of alcoholic hepatitis
Zone III (centrilobular zone)
129
Enlarged gallbladder with painless jaundice
Courvoisier sign
130
Formed by cystic duct meeting with common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
131
The common bile duct drains into what structure
Ampulla of Vater within pancreatic head
132
The ampulla of Vater drains into which section of the duodenum
First section via sphincter of Oddi
133
Muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices from the pancreas into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
134
Structure that can be obstructed by a mass of the head of the pancreas
Common bile duct
135
Confluence of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct
Ampulla of Vater
136
Organization of structures within the femoral region from lateral to medial
Nerve, Artery, Vein, Lymphatics
| you go from lateral to medial to find your NAVeL
137
Structures within the femoral triangle
Femoral Nerve, Artery, Vein
138
Structure within the femoral triangle that is nearest the penis
Femoral vein
139
Forms lateral border of femoral triangle
Sartorius muscle
140
Forms medial border of femoral triangle
Adductor longus muscle
141
Located 3-4 cm below inguinal ligament
Femoral sheath
142
Structures contained within the femoral sheath
Femoral artery, vein, inguinal canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes within canal)
143
Site of femoral hernia
Inguinal ring
144
Site of protrusion of direct hernia
Abdominal wall
145
Site of protrusion of indirect hernia
Deep inguinal ring
146
Layers that compose the spermatic cord
Internal spermatic fascia, Cremasteric muscle and fascia, and External spermatic fascia
147
Abdominal wall layer that gives rise to the Internal spermatic fascia
Transversalis fascia
148
Abdominal wall layer that gives rise to the Cremasteric muscle and fascia
Internal oblique
149
Abdominal wall layer that gives rise to the External spermatic fascia
External oblique
150
Female homolog of the spermatic cord
Round ligament of the uterus
151
Complication of hernias if not reducible
Incarceration and strangulation
152
Complication of strangulation of hernias
Ischemia and necrosis
153
Most common type of diaphragmatic hernia
Sliding hiatal hernia
154
Side diaphragmatic hernias typically occur on
Left side (right side protected by liver)
155
Causes of diaphragmatic hernias
Congenital defect of pleuroperitoneal membrane or trauma
156
Type of hernia where fundus protrudes into the thorax and normal GE junction
Paraesophageal hernia
157
Type of hernia in which GE junction is displaced upward giving an "hourglass stomach" appearance
Sliding hiatal hernia
158
Hernia that travels through internal inguinal ring
Indirect hernia
159
Indirect hernia terminates in what structure
Scrotum
160
Indirect hernia exits what structure before terminating in scrotum
External inguinal ring
161
Indirect hernia enters inguinal ring lateral to what structures
Inferior epigastric vessels
162
Type of hernia more common in males
Indirect inguinal ring
163
Cause of indirect inguinal hernia in infants
Processus vaginalis fails to close
164
In addition to an indirect inguinal hernia, what other complication can develop from failure of process vaginalis to close in infants
Hydrocele
165
Hernia that follows the path of descent of the testes and covered by all 3 layers of spermatic fascia
Indirect inguinal hernia
166
Type of hernia that is medial to inferior epigastric vessels
Direct inguinal hernia
167
Direct hernia protrudes through what anatomical structure
Hasselbach triangle
168
Structures that make up Hasselbach triangle
Inferior epigastric vessels
Lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle
Inguinal ligament
169
A direct inguinal hernia travels through which structure
External inguinal ring
170
A direct inguinal hernia is covered by which spermatic layers
External spermatic fascia
171
Which type of hernia is more common in older men
Direct inguinal hernia
172
Cause of direct inguinal hernia
Acquired weakness in the transversalis fascia
173
A direct hernia is medial to what structures
Inferior epigastric vessels
174
Which type of hernia is more likely to present with incarceration or strangulation
Femoral hernia
175
Type of hernia more common in females
Femoral hernia
176
Most common type of hernia overall
Inguinal hernias
177
Femoral hernia protrudes below what structure
Inguinal ligament
178
Femoral hernia protrudes lateral to what structure
Pubic tubercle
179
What structure does a femoral hernia travel through
Femoral canal
