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ANSC3104 Nervous system > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

Major controlling, regulatory and communication system of the body

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2
Q

Central nervous sytem components

A

Brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system components

A

Spinal nerves & cranial nerves

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4
Q

Nueron

A

An elongated cell that consists of cell body, which contains nucleus and a variable number of processes (axons & dendrites)

  • Excitable tissue
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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

Usually short

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6
Q

Axon

A

Transmit information to the end and then too other cells

  • Usually only one axon per neuron
  • Usually long
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7
Q

Example of nerve fibres

A

Dendrites & axons

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8
Q

Function of neuroglia (supporting cells)

A
  • Hold the neurons and their processes in place
  • provide nourishment
  • insulate them from their surroundings (preventing ‘leakage’ of the impulses they convey)
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9
Q

What is the conducting portion of a neuron?

A

Axon

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10
Q

Clusters of cell bodies are called?

A

Ganglions

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11
Q

Cluster of cell dendrites or axons (fibres) are called?

A

Nerves

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12
Q

The junction between neurons is?

A

A synapse

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13
Q

What type of neurons constitute most of the nervous system?

A

Interneurons

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14
Q

true or false - Glial cells make up 90% of CNS

A

True

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15
Q

Four types of glial cells in CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes (myelin)
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Microglia
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16
Q

One type of glial cell in PNS

A

Schwann cells (myelin)

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17
Q

What happens to glial cells during foetal development?

A

Glial cells wrap themselves around the axon. They eventually lose most of their cytoplasm and what remains is layers of tightly packed lipid membranes

Gaps in myelin sheath occur at regular intervals, forming nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

Gaps in myelin sheath occur at regular intervals, forming

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

What type of glial cell is the most abundant?

A

Astrocytes

  • formation of blood-brain barrier
  • Physical support
  • Neurotransmitter recycling
  • Brain repair
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20
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Most abundant glial cell
  • Formation of blood-brain barrier
  • Physical support
  • Brain repair
  • Neurotransmitter recycling
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21
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line internal cavities of CNS
Form CSF: cilia
neural stem cells (stroke rehabilitation)
Associated with ventricles in the brain

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22
Q

Microglia

A

CNS immune defence cells
10-15% of cells
Mop up anything that gets passed blood-brain barrier

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23
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Form lipid based myelin sheaths around axons
Fast conduction of nerve impulses
Energy efficient
Nodes of Ranvier: help current impulse

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24
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A nerve is a visible collection of neuronal fibres held together by connective tissue
No cell body
Found only in PNS

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25
True or false: | Nerves exist in CNS & PNS
False, nerves only exist in PNS (called tracts in CNS)
26
What is a bundle of axons called in CNS?
Tract
27
Forebrain includes:
Telencephalon | Diencephalon
28
Telencephalon includes:
Cerebrum
29
Diencephalon includes:
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
30
Midbrain includes:
Mesencephalon
31
Hindbrain includes
Metencephalon & Myencephalon
32
Metencephalon includes
Pons & cerebellum
33
Myencephalon includes:
Medulla oblongata
34
Medulla oblongata: Location & function
Swollen tip of spinal cord - Nerve impulses arise here: - Stimulates intercostal muscles & diaphragm makes breathing possible - Regulates heartbeat - Regulate the diameter of arterioles thus adjusting blood flow
35
Pons: function?
Transverse bar-like structure with nerve fibre tracts that are continued into cerebellum Relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. Nerve impulses coming from the eyes, ears and touch receptors are sent to the cerebellum
36
Cerebellum: Function
- Coordinates body movements
37
Cephalon =
Head
38
Mesencephalon
Mid brain
39
Corpus callosum
White matter | Communication of right and left hemisphere of cerebrum
40
What is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
41
What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
42
What separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure
43
Ridges (in brain) are called
Gyri
44
Sulci are
Grooves in the brain
45
Grey and white matter in spinal cord
Grey on inside White on outside i.e. White cortex
46
Grey and white matter in brain stem
Grey on inside White on outside i.e. White cortex
47
Grey and white matter in cerebrum
Grey on outside White on inside i.e. Grey cortex
48
Grey and white matter in cerebellum
Grey on outside White on inside i.e. grey cortex
49
Cerebral cortex
Responsible for conscious experience of sensory input (perception) and conscious direction of body movement
50
Diencephalon location
Caudal part of forebrain | Rostral to brainstem
51
Diencephalon anatomy
Unpaired Contains: Epithalamus (including pineal gland) - the roof (epi=upn) Thalamus (largest component) Hypothalamus -The floor (hypo = under) Only the most ventral component, the hypothalamus is visible on external surface of brain
52
Thalamus function
Acts as relay station for sensory information All sensory pathways (except olfactory) pass through nuclei in thalamus --> cerebrum
53
Hypothalamus function
Link between nervous system and endocrine glands | Regulating centre for ANS
54
Metencephalon contains:
Pons and cerebellum
55
Medulla oblongata location
Myencephalon
56
What links cerebellum & fore/midbrain?
Pons
57
Mesencephalon location
Between Pons and diencephalon
58
Mesencephalon function
Has nerve fibres connecting cerebrum & brain stem | - Vision, hearing & sleep
59
Metencephalon location & anatomy
Rostral part of hindbrain Consists of: Pons (ventrally) Cerebellum (dorsally)
60
Roughly spherical Highly fissured mass Located in brain 2 large paired hemispheres and a narrow median ridge
Cerebellum
61
On the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata it has a median fissure (groove) that is continuous with the spinal cord, and either side of this fissure are two prominent longitudinal ridges (nerve fibre tracts) known as ?
the pyramids
62
What are the ventricles in the brain?
The internal brain cavities | Result from the narrowing neural tube
63
What are the four ventricles in the brain?
1. Lateral ventricles (L & R) - within cerebral hemispheres 2. Third ventricle - Ventral to the cerebral hemispheres 3. Fourth ventricle - Between the cerebellum & medulla oblongata 4. Mesencephalic aqueduct - Connects third and fourth ventricles - Passes through mid brain
64
What do ventricles contain
CSF
65
What are meninges?
Connective tissue enclosing CNS & roots of spinal nerves
66
Meninges function
Protects and nourishes the CNS | Contain CSF
67
What are the 3 layers of meninges
1. Pia mater - Membrane follows the contour of the brain and spinal cord 2. Arachnoid - Middle layer is spread web-like over the brain once the dura has been removed 3. Dura - tough covering membrane of the CNS --> thick and hard, connected to bone part of skull cap
68
CSF function
Physically protects the nervous tissue Chemical buffer Transports nutrients & removes waste Shock absorber (high intracranial pressure)
69
Where is CSF produced?
It is produced continuously by vascular tufts called choroid plexuses located in the brain ventricles
70
Spinal process?
Where muscles attach
71
Intumescence
A thickening, swelling of spinal cord
72
Fissure
A normal groove that divides an organ into lobes and parts
73
Dorsal sulcus
Little dip in the spinal cord
74
Ventral fissure
Large groove/dip in spinal cord that goes right up to grey matter
75
Dorsal horn
Takes in sensory information
76
Ventral horn
Relays motor information
77
In spinal cord are nerve tracts white or grey matter?
White matter
78
Afferent and efferent neurons are found in CNS or PNS?
PNS
79
Ascending and descending tracts are found in CNS or PNS?
CNS Dorsal = ascending Ventral = Descending Lateral = both
80
What connects the PNS & the brain?
Spinal cord
81
PNS consists of:
Spinal nerves | Cranial nerves
82
Spinal nerve includes:
Dorsal branch | Ventral branch
83
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
84
What nervous system has two possible routes of output?
Autonomic nervous system | - Parasympathetic & sympathetic
85
Sympathetic NS
Excitatory Prepares the body for activity in critical situations Fight or flight response Quick response mobilising system Both local and mass response
86
Parasympathetic NS
``` Dampening system Returning body systems to normal after sympathetic stimulation Rest & digest Feed & breed Localised reaction ONLY! ```
87
In sympathetic NS are pre-ganglionic fibres or postganglionic fibres longer
Postganglionic fibres are longer
88
Vagus nerve
Part of parasympathetic NS Longets cranial nerve Nerve passes down the neck with sympathetic trunk forming the vagosympathtic trunk Attached to carotid arteries
89
In parasympathetic NS are preganglionic or postganglionic fibres longer?
Preganglionic fibres are longer | Ganglia close to target organs
90
Where do the vagus nerves arise?
Medulla oblongata
91
What type of glial cell provides physical support for CNS?
Astrocytes | create structures for neurons to sit in
92
Ependymal have beer cilia to help
Move CSF around
93
What type of glial cell is referred to as neural stem cell?
Ependymal cells
94
Difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?
Oligodendrocytes in CNS & Schwann cells in PNS Schwann cells are seperate cells Oligodendrocytes are several elongated projections
95
The spinal cord has 2 functions:
1. Transmission of information | 2. Reflex centre
96
Dermatome
Area on skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve
97
Where in the brain is the basal ganglia located?
Forebrain - within cerebrum
98
Brain stem function
Links spinal cord to higher brain regions Relays sensation input & motor output Modulate pain Contributes to consciousness
99
Brain stem parts:
Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain
100
Medulla oblongata
Vital cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor reflexes, digestion
101
Where is the optic chiasma in the brain located?
In the diencephalon
102
Hypothalamus function
Homeostasis: maintains stability of the internal environment
103
Where did primitive sensory processing occur?
Thalamus
104
What part of the brain is responsible for consciousness?
Cerebrum
105
Outer layer of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
106
4 lobes of cerebral cortex?
1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal
107
Frontal lobe (cerebral cortex) function?
Primary motor cortex - controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement Vocal abilities Higher mental functions e.g. planning
108
Parietal lobe (cerebral cortex) function?
Receives and processes sensory input (perception) Called the somatosensory cortex Somatosensory (touch) & proprioception (body position) information processed here
109
What lobe of the cerebral cortex is called the somatosensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
110
Occipital lobe (cerebral cortex) function ?
Visual processing & vision related function
111
Temporal lobe (cerebral cortex) function?
Auditory information
112
Rhinencephalon location
ventral part of all 4 lobes of cerebral cortex
113
Rhinencephalon function
Olfactory processing
114
Basal ganglia
Grey matter under cerebral cortex Regulates body movement and facial expression Maintains purposeful motor activity Suppresses useless or unwanted movements Modifies ongoing activities
115
Limbic system
``` Not seperate structure Ring of forebrain structures surrounding brain stem Interconnected parts: - Cerebral cortex - Basal nuclei - Thalamus - Hypothalamus ``` Emotions, basic survival, behaviour, motivation & learning
116
What part of the brain is responsible for involuntary responses due to emotions?
Hypothalamus
117
Hippocampus function
Memory (short term, long term and working)
118
Amygdala function
Perception and sensation of fear | Conditioned stimulus - i.e. Association of one stimulus with another

ANSC3104 Nervous system (3 decks)

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