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ANSC3104 Nervous system > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Primary sensory cell

A

Sensory cell contained within nerve ending, with own axon (skin & olfactory)

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2
Q

Secondary sensory cell

A

Lack an axon

Synapse with sensory nerve fibres (ear, eye, taste)

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3
Q

Lacrimal

A

Tear producing apparatus in the eye

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4
Q

Lens function

A

Focusing light onto retina

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5
Q

Where are sensory cells located in the eye?

A

Retina

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6
Q

Optic nerve function

A

Transmits visual information to the brain

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7
Q

Are the cornea and sclera attached?

A

Yes

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8
Q

When the ciliary muscle contracts the lens is…

A

The lens is wide

Zonular fibres have more room

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9
Q

When ciliary muscle relaxes the lens is

A

The lens is flat (contracted)

Less space for zonular fibres - puts pressure on lens

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10
Q

How is the ciliary muscle attached to the lens?

A

Via zonular fibres (connective tissue)

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11
Q

Eye ball

A

Fluid filled sphere
Covered by three layers (tunic)

  1. Fibrous (outer)
  2. Vascular (mid)
  3. Nervous (internal)
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12
Q

Vitreous body

A

Gel-like material

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13
Q

Why is cornea transparent and sclera white? (made out of same fibres)

A

Fibre arrangement

  • neatly layered in cornea
  • Scattered and tightly packed in sclera
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14
Q

Fibrous tunic of the eye

A

Outer layer
Contains:
Sclera
Cornea

Only complete tunic
Protects the eye

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15
Q

Vascular tunic of the eye

A 
Mid layer 
Contains: 
Choroid (lines sclera) 
Ciliary body 
Iris

Blood vessels and smooth muscle
Nourishes retina
Regulates shape of lens and size of pupil
Produces aqueous humour

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16
Q

Cornea

A

Like a window it allows light to enter to eye

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17
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters your eye by adjusting the size of the pupil opening.

Contains muscles that allow the pupil to become larger (open up or dilate) and smaller (close up or constrict).

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18
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

Located within choroid directly behind retina

it reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors

  • cause animal eyes to glow in the dark
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19
Q

What produces aqueous humour

A

Ciliary processes

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20
Q

Nervous tunic

A

Inner layer
Contains:
Retina

The retina contains photoreceptor cells:

  • Rods (night)
  • Cones (colour)

Ora serrata
- Junction between optic & non-sensory parts of retina

Optic disc
- Axons of nerve cells contracted - blind spot (no receptor cells)

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21
Q

Blind spot also known as

A

optic disc

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22
Q

What is the junction between optic and non-sensory parts of the retina

A

Ora serrata

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23
Q

Colour vision

A

Cones

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24
Q

Black and white vision

A

Rods

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25
Lens
Consists of fibres arranged in concentric rings Transparent Secured by zonular fibres (extend from ciliary body) around equator Focuses light
26
How many voluntary muscles control the rotation, retraction and sideways movement of the eye?
7 Muscle control is complex
27
Eyelids
2 folds of muscular & fibrous tissue | Skin outside, conjunctiva (mucous membrane) inside
28
Glands associated with eyelid
Lacrimal glands: nourish and keep eye moist Tarsal glands: secrete fatty , lipid barrier substance (open along eyelid
29
Lacrimal glands
nourish and keep eye moist
30
Tarsal glands
secrete fatty , lipid barrier substance (open along eyelid
31
Third eyelid
Conjunctival fold supported by cartilage
32
What is a vestibulocochlear organ?
Ear
33
Main functions of the ear
Hearing & balance
34
Where is the middle and internal ear housed?
Within temporal bone of the skull
35
External ear
Two parts: 1. Pinna (auricle) 2. External acoustic meatus (external ear canal)
36
What separates external and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane | ear drum
37
Middle ear
Consists of: Tympanic cavity Auditory ossicles mediate transmission of sound waves Auditory tube balances pressure on either side of tympanic membrane
38
Inner ear
Mechanical stimuli transmitted into nerve impulses Cochlea: hearing - Sensory cells = hair cells - Do not have their own axons (synapse with sensory nerve fibres) Vestibular apparatus: equilibrium & posture
39
Cochlea location
Inner ear
40
Cochlea function
Hearing - Sensory cells = hair cells - Do not have their own axons (synapse with sensory nerve fibres)
41
What does the curvature of the cornea do?
Converges light rays together
42
Is a flat lens better for short or long distance vision?
Long distance vision Ciliary muscle relaxed - zonular fibres taut - Lens flat
43
When an animal focuses on something close the ciliary muscle....
Contracts - zonular fibres slacken - lens is round
44
What controls the ciliary muscle in the eye?
ANS Sympathetic fibres induce relaxation of the muscle (for distant vision) while parasympathetic fibres cause contraction for near focus.
45
Binocular vision
Where the eyes have overlapping visual fields Necessary for depth perception
46
Monocular vision
The vision covered by only one eye
47
Are rods or cones more sensitive to light?
Rods are more sensitive to light
48
What is the point of greatest visual accuracy in the eye?
Fovea or visual streak
49
Otoliths
tiny crystals of calcium carbonate suspended within the gelatinous layer in the ear, making it heavier and giving it more inertia
50
How does the ear help with balance
When the head tilts, the hairs bend in the direction of the tilt, due to gravity pulling the heavy gelatinous layer. The hair cell bundles send different patterns of neural activity to the brain, depending on the position of the head with respect to gravity.
51
What does the pinna (external ear) do
collects sound waves and channels them down the external ear canal
52
The olfactory organ consists of:
Sensory cells lining mucosa in caudal nasal cavity
53
Vomeronsal organ
Important in detection of pheromones
54
Sensory taste cells are organised in clusters called
Taste buds
55
Taste buds are located
In side walls of tongue papillae
56
Do taste cells have their own axon?
No, but form synapsed with sensory nerve fibres form cranial nerves
57
What determines the stimuli an animal can detect?
Sensory receptors
58
How does the cortex process the signal?
3 factors contribute to sorting: 1. Type of stimulus - determined by type of receptor activated 2. Intensity of stimulus - determined by frequency and area of APs 3. Location of stimulus - message sent via specific pathways - activate specific area in brain
59
Two classifications of receptors?
1. Adequate stimulus - Sensory receptors are specialised to respond more to one type of stimulus than another e.g. mechanoreceptors or photoreceptors 2. Stimulus location is also used to categorise sensory receptors
60
Generator potentials
``` No refractory period can be summed Local Last for as long as stimulus Stimulus intensity related to size of generator potential ```
61
Sensory pathways are generally 3 neuron chains:
1st order afferent carries info to CNS, where it synapses with 2nd order afferent 2nd order afferent synapses with 3rd order afferent, usually in thalamus 3rd order afferent conveys message to higher brain for full perception
62
what type of receptors are involved in somatosensory?
mechanoreceptors, nocireceptors and thermoreceptors
63
What are the 2 somatosensory pathways?
The spinothalamic and dorsal column (medulla of brain stem)
64
Once signal reaches the thalamus the animal
becomes aware
65
Dorsal column pathway (touch) detects
Precise touch, texture, joint position & movement
66
Spinothalamic pathway detects?
Crude, coarse touch, pressure, temperature, pain
67
What type of receptors are involved in Dorsal column pathway?
Mechano-receptors
68
What type of receptors are involved in spinothalamic pathway?
Noci, thermo, mechano
69
Which pathway involved in somatosensory is the primitive pathway?
Spinothalamic pathway
70
What type of receptors are used in olfaction & gustation (taste)?
Chemo
71
Are the pathways uncrossed in taste sensation?
Yes
72
Where are Olfactory cells located?
On ethmoidal turbinate bones - longer noses = better smelling - more folding - larger SA
73
Function of cornea and lens?
Ned light to focus on single point on retina Lens changes its strength to do this --> accomodation
74
Accomodation
Ability of lens to adjust strength (thickness) regulated by ciliary muscle Relaxation = Symp. Contraction = parasymp.
75
Do rods and cones face the front or the back of the eye?
Back
76
How many types of cone cells are there?
4 Most mammals have 2
77
Vision pathway
Light hits retina - triggers photopigment - transduced into generator potential in receptors - bipolar cells - triggers AP in ganglion cells
78
Do rods and cones converge onto the same pathway?
No, separate pathways, brain gets info about colour and light from different parts of the eye
79
The image detected on the retina before processing is...
Upside down and backwards - because light rays bend
80
How does depth vision occur?
Fibres from interior of each retina cross over (lateral fibres dont) Brings together fibres carrying information on same visual field, from two aspects = depth vision
81
How aural sensory cells work
Hair cells send continuous impulses at rest | If a force bend the cilia - signal pattern to brain changes
82
How does the auditory cortex determine location of sound source?
Sound reaches close ear slightly before farther ear - differences in timing between ears
83
How is pitch discriminated?
Sound waves of different frequencies move different parts of basilar membrane -CNS interprets pattern of hair cell movement as sound of particular frequency
84
What is pain?
Nociception + sensation of unpleasantness
85
What areas of CNS are highly involved in pain response?
Hypothalamus & limbic system
86
Nociceptors
``` Naked nerve endings of afferent neurons 3 categories 1. Mechanical 2. thermal 3. Polymodal (chemical) ```
87
Nociceptive pain
due to damaging stimuli | Visceral or somatic
88
Two type of fibres involved in pain response
1. Type A-delta fibres - Large, myelinated - FAST | 2. Type C fibres - small- unmyelinated fibres - SLOW
89
What type of pain fibres only occur in viscera?
Type C fibres
90
What pathway is important for pain transmission
Spinothalamic
91
What is the most important neurotransmitter in pain response
Substance P
92
Sensitisation (pain)
Prolonged stimuli may increase pain intensity
93
Hyperalgesia
An increased sensitivity of receptors due to repeated stimulation
94
Opiates
Pain relief NTRs - suppress the release of substance P - block transmission of pain signal
95
Natural analgesia in animals
Opiates (provide pain relief via NTRs)
96
Detrimental effect of pain
Delays healing & prolongs recovery Catabolism, drop in feed intake Can lead to self mutilation Only beneficial as diagnostic sign
97
Why is analgesia good for animals?
reduces suffering improves healing and reduces healing time Improves food intake - prevents catabolism Stops self mutilation Makes animals easier to handle - Treatment best started before pain begins
98
Different ways to treat pain?
Inhibit the activation of nociceptors Block the conduction of impulses by nociceptors Block the transmission of pain pathways in CNS Activate body's own pain modulating system
99
Opoids examples
Morphine
100
Opoids function
Stimulate bodys natural pain modulating system

ANSC3104 Nervous system (3 decks)

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