Anatomy

Question 1

Neuroanatomy

Answer 1

The study of the parts of the nervous system and their functions

Question 2

Ventral/anterior

Answer 2

Toward the front

Ex:the heart is anterior to the spinal and cord

Question 3

Dorsal/ posterior

Answer 3

Toward the back

Ex: the spinal cord is posterior to the heart

Question 4

Medial

Answer 4

Toward the midline of the body

Question 5

Lateral

Answer 5

away from the midline of the body

—

Question 6

Superior

Answer 6

Above

Ex: the brain is superior to the lungs

Question 7

Inferior

Answer 7

Below

Ex: the lungs are inferior to the brain

Question 8

Proximal

Answer 8

Nearer the trunk of the body or point of attachment

Ex: the shoulder is proximal to the wrist

Question 9

Distal

Answer 9

Farther from the trunk of the body or point of attachment

The wrist is distal to the shoulder

Question 10

The nervous system is composed of two major subsystems ?

Answer 10

The central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system

Question 11

Central nervous system is composed of ?

Answer 11

Brain

Spinal cord

Question 12

Spinal cord

Answer 12

found within the spinal column

Communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

Part of CNS

Question 13

The spinal cord is compromised of?

Answer 13

Dorsal root ganglia 
Gray matter 
White matter 
Spinal nerve 
Ventral root 

Each segment sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands

Question 14

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 14

Sensory cell bodies

Located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

Question 15

Gray matter

Answer 15

Neurons cell bodies and dendrites

Located in center of the spinal cord, INSIDE

Question 16

White matter

Answer 16

Myelinated Axons that carry information

OUTSIDE

Question 17

Spinal nerve

Answer 17

Controls both motor and sensory

Question 18

Ventral root

Answer 18

Motor

Question 19

Peripheral nervous system is composed of?

Answer 19

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Question 20

Somatic nervous system

Answer 20

Nerves convey sensory information to the CNS

Nerves transmit messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body

SENSORY + VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

Question 21

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 21

Sends and receives messages to regulate the autonomic behaviors of the body

Control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc

INVOLUNTARY

Question 22

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 22

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 23

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 23

Nerves that prepare the organs for rigorous activity:

Fight or flight

INCREASE heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc

Made of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord

Uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

Question 24

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 24

DECREASES functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system

Rest and digest

Made of long preganglion axons and short postganglionic fibers

Dominant during our relaxed states

Released acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

Question 25

The three major divisions of the brain?

Answer 25

Hindbrain Forebrain Midbrain

Question 26

Hindbrain Made of? Location?

Answer 26

Medulla, pons, cerebellum Located at the posterior portion of the brain Hindbrain structures, the midbrain and other central structures of the brain combine and make up the brain stem

Question 27

Medulla Aka brainstem (Hindbrain)

Answer 27

Responsible for vital reflexes and functions needed to stay alive —

Question 28

Cranial nerves

Answer 28

Allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs

Question 29

Pons | Hindbrain

Answer 29

Controls muscle movements, like walking Little brain with many deep folds Lies on each side of the medulla Contains the reticular formation and raphe system Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain

Question 30

Cerebellum | Hindbrain

Answer 30

Helps regulate motor movements Balance and coordination Important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli Located in the hindbrain with many deep folds Tumors: Kids 80% cerebellum, 20% brain Adults: 20% cerebellum, 80% brain

Question 31

Forebrain

Answer 31

Made of two cerebral hemispheres receives sensory information and controls motor movement from the opposite side of the body Made of the outer Cortex and subcortical regions

Question 32

Parts of the forebrain?

Answer 32

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Question 33

Thalamus | Forebrain

Answer 33

Relay station for all sensory information, which processes it and send output to the cerebral cortex Except olfactory (smell) information

Question 34

Limbic system

Answer 34

Made of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem Associated with motivation, emotion, drives and aggression Includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gurus of the cerebral cortex Turns memories into memorization

Question 35

Hypothalamus | Forebrain

Answer 35

Responsible for the four F’s | —

Question 36

Diencephalon made up of?

Answer 36

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Question 37

Pituitary gland

Answer 37

Produces hormones found at the base of the hypothalamus

Question 38

Midbrain

Answer 38

In the middle of the brain More prominent in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish Made of the —

Question 39

Tectum | Midbrain

Answer 39

The root of the brain

Question 40

Superior and inferior colliculus | Midbrain

Answer 40

Important for sensory processing Inferior: hearing Superior: vision

Question 41

Substantia nigra | Midbrain

Answer 41

Gives rise to a dopamine containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

Question 42

Hippocampus

Answer 42

Essential for Memory Sea horse A large structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex