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Anatomy Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Right and left nasal cavities
Oral Cavity
Naso-, oro- and laryngo- pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A 
Trachea
Left and right main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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3
Q

At level of C6 vertebra:

A

Larynx becomes pharynx

Trachea becomes oesophagus

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4
Q

Isthmus of thyroid gland located

A

Tracheal cartilages 2-4

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5
Q

Chest wall layers superficial –> deep

A 
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Skeletal muscle
Bone/joints
Parietal Pleura
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6
Q

Lung lobe

A

The area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air
Right-upper, lower and middle lobes
Left-upper and lower lobes, and lingula
Lobes separated by fissures

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7
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

The area of lung that each of the segmental bronchi supply with air
Each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments

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8
Q

True Ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

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9
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10

Attach via their costal cartilage above to the sternum

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10
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11&12

No attachment to the sternum

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11
Q

Posterior blood supply to intercostal spaces

A

Arterial supply- thoracic aorta

Venous drainage- azygous vein

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12
Q

Anterior blood supply to intercostal spaces

A

Arterial supply -Internal thoracic artery

Venous drainage- Internal thoracic vein

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13
Q

Nerve supply to intercostal spaces

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve (intercostal nerve)
Neurovascular bundle between internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
Sits in costal groove

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14
Q

Blood supply to the lung itself

A

Bronchial arteries branching from aorta

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15
Q

Blood supply to the chest wall

A

Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries

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16
Q

Diaphragm (3)

A

Forms floor of chest cavity
Forms roof of abdominal cavity
Skeletal muscle with unusual central tendon

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17
Q

Attachments of the muscular part of the diaphragm (3)

A

The sternum
The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies

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18
Q

Nerve supply to the diaphragm

A

Phrenic Nerve

C3, 4 & 5 posterior rami

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19
Q

Structures that openings in diaphragm allow to pass through

A

Thoracic aorta,
Inferior vena cava
Oesophagus and vagus nerves

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20
Q

Where are phrenic nerves found?

A

In the neck on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
In the chest (thorax) descending over the lateral aspects of the heart

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21
Q

What do the phrenic nerves supply?

A

Supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm & fibrous pericardium
Supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm

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22
Q

Blood supply to and from the breast

A

Subclavian artery and vein

Internal thoracic artery and vein

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23
Q

Lymphatic drainage from the breast

A

Unilateral drainage from lateral quadrants to axillary nodes

Bilateral drainage from medial quadrants to parasternal nodes

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24
Q

Right lung surface markings

A

Superior vena cava
Azygous vein
Diaphragm

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25
Left lung surface markings
Aorta Common carotid artery Heart Diaphragm
26
What ribs give the position of the oblique fissure?
bilaterally at the level of ribs 6 anteriorly | rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly
27
What rib gives the position of the horizontal fissure
Follows right rib 4
28
Where is the stethoscope placed for auscultation of the middle lobe?
Between ribs 4 and 6 in the mid-clavicular & midaxillary lines
29
Where is the stethoscope places for auscultation of the lung apex?
Superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
30
Where is the stethoscope placed for auscultation of the lung base?
In the scapular line at T11 vertebral level
31
What nerve is within the nasal cavity?
Trigeminal nerve (V1, V2)
32
What nerve is within the pharynx?
CN IX
33
What nerve is within the larynx?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
34
What sensory receptors are stimulated in sneezing?
CN V or CN IX
35
What sensory receptors are stimulated in coughing?
CN IX or CN X
36
In what mucosa are the sensory receptors stimulated that bring about a cough?
Oropharyngeal mucosa Laropharyngeal mucosa Laryngeal mucosa
37
Carotid Sheaths
Protective “tubes” of cervical (neck) deep fascia Attach superiorly to the bones of the base of the skull Blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum
38
What do carotid sheaths contain?
The vagus nerve The internal carotid artery The common carotid artery The internal jugular vein
39
What are the intercostal nerves
The anterior rami of T1-T11
40
What are the muscles of normal (quiet) inspiration?
External intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles Innermost intercostal muscles
41
What are the accessory muscles of deep (forced) inspiration?
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Sternocleidomastoid Scalenus anterior, medius & posterior
42
What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do during the cough reflex
Adduct the vocal cords to close the rima glottidis
43
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by?
(Somatic) motor branches of the vagus nerve
44
Where does the vagus nerve connect with the CNS
Medulla oblongata of the brainstem
45
Linea Alba
The midline where the aponeurosis of the right abdominal muscles blend with the aponeurosis of the left abdominal muscles
46
Superior attachment of the right external oblique
The superficial aspects of the lower ribs
47
Inferior attachment of the external oblique
The anterior part of the iliac crest & the pubic tubercle
48
Superior attachment of the internal oblique
The inferior border of the lower ribs
49
Inferior attachment of the internal oblique
The iliac crest & the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
50
Superior attachment of the transervsus abdominus
Deep aspects of the lower ribs
51
Inferior attachment of the transversus abdominus
The iliac crest & the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
52
Thoracoabdominal nerves
The subcostal nerve (T12 anterior ramus) The iliohypogastric nerve (half of L1 anterior ramus) The ilioinguinal nerve (the other half of L1 anterior ramus)
53
Functions of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
Maintain posture Support the vertebral column Movement of the vertebral column Protect the abdominal viscera (guarding contractions) Increase intra-abdominal pressure to assist defecation, micturition, labour Contractions aid forced expiration
54
Small pneumothorax
<2cm gap between lung and parietal pleura
55
Large pneumothorax
>2cm gap between lung and parietal pleura
56
Causes of air entering the pleural cavity
Penetrating injury to parietal pleura | Rupture of visceral pleura
57
Tension pneumothorax
Torn pleura creates one-way valve that permits air to enter the pleural cavity on inspiration but prevents air escaping on expiration With each inspiration more air enters pleural cavity Pneumothorax expands & the lung collapses towards its root Build up of air in the pleural cavity applies tension (pressure) to the mediastinal structures
58
Conseuqences of mediastinal shift
Tracheal deviation | SVC compression reduces venous return to the heart causing hypotension (low bp)
59
Two factors required for development of herniae
Weakness of one structure: commonly a part of the body wall Increased pressure on one side of that part of the wall
60
Where do diaphragmatic herniae develop?
``` Attachments to the xyphoid Caval opening Aortic Hiatus Oesophageal hiatus Posterior attachments ```
61
Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia
The herniated part of the stomach passes through the oesophageal hiatus to become parallel to the oesophagus & in the chest
62
Sliding hiatus hernia
The herniated part of the stomach slides through the oesophageal hiatus into the chest with the gastro-oesophageal junction
63
Inguinal hernia
Between anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercle
64
Cremasteric fascia
A covering of skeletal muscle fibres from the internal oblique Allows testes to contract and relax

Respiratory (19 decks)

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