Anatomy Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
what bones are involved in bony orbit
A
frontal bone orbital plate, zygoma, maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid orbital plate, sphenoid
2
Q
what bone forms the roof of bony orbit
A
frontal bone orbital plate
3
Q
what bone forms the lateral wall of bony orbit
A
zygoma
4
Q
what bone forms the floor of bony orbit
A
maxillary
5
Q
what bones form the medial wall of bony orbit
A
lacrimal and ethmoid orbital plate
6
Q
what bone forms the posterior wall of bony orbit
A
sphenoid
7
Q
what bony feature is present in the frontal bone
A
supraorbital notch
8
Q
what bony feature is present in the maxilla
A
infraorbital foramen
9
Q
where is the superior orbital fissure
A
greater wing of sphenoid
10
Q
where is the inferior orbital fissure
A
sphenoid bone and maxilla
11
Q
where is the optic canal
A
lesser wing of sphenoid
12
Q
what muscle is responsible for closing the eye
A
orbicularis oculi
13
Q
what is the orbital septum
A
sheet of fascia in eyelids
14
Q
what is the function of the tarsal/Meibomian glands
A
secrete lipids
15
Q
where are the tarsal/Meibomian glands
A
inside tarsal plate in eyelid
16
Q
what are the names of the two palpebral ligaments of the eyelid
A
medial and lateral palpebral ligaments
17
Q
what are the superior and inferior tarsus
A
dense connective tissue in eyelid that provide structure
18
Q
what are the two parts of the conjunctiva
A
palpebral conjunctiva inside eyelids
bulbar conjunctiva on eye
19
Q
what structures can be seen from looking at the eye
A
pupil, iris, limbus, sclera, conjunctiva, conjunctival vessels, fornix, caruncle, inferior lacrimal papilla
20
Q
what is the fornix
A
where the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva meet
21
Q
what is the limbus
A
junction of cornea and sclera
22
Q
what is the caruncle
A
red bit medially on eye
23
Q
what nerve is responsible for lacrimation
A
CNVII facial nerve
24
Q
what is the direction of lacrimal fluid drainage
A
puncta > canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > inferior meatus
25
what are names of the segments of the eye
anterior and posterior
26
what are the names of the chambers of the eye
anterior, posterior and vitreous
27
where is the anterior chamber
cornea to iris
28
where is the posterior chamber
iris to suspensory ligament
29
what type of humour is present in each segment of the eye
anterior: aqueous
posterior: vitreous
30
where is the posterior segment
behind the lens
31
what are the names of the 3 layers of the eye
fibrous, vascular, retina
32
what is the blood supply to the cornea
avascular
33
what is the fibrous layer of the eye formed of
sclera and cornea
34
what is the thickest layer of the cornea
stroma
35
what is the innermost layer of the cornea
endothelium
36
what is the outer layer of the cornea
columnar epithelium
37
what is the function of the suspensory ligament
connects the lens to the ciliary body via zonules
38
how to tell left or right eye on fundoscopy
optic disc always nasal
39
what is the vascular layer of composed of
uvea
40
what is uvea
iris, ciliary body and choroid
41
what are the muscles or the iris and what direction are their fibres
inner circular sphincter pupillae and outer radial dilator pupillae
42
what is the ciliary body formed of
smooth muscle and blood vessels
43
what structure secrete aqueous
ciliary body
44
what is the function of the ciliary body
controls iris/lens shape
45
what structures are within the optic disc
optic nerve head, central retinal artery, central retinal vein
46
where is the highest concentration of cones
in the fovea in the macula
47
what are the two types of photoreceptors
rods and cones
48
what is the function of choroid
proves nutrition to the peripheral part of the retina
49
what causes the blind spot
no photoreceptors in the optic disc
50
where is the blind spot
15 degrees temporally
51
what is the function of aqueous humour in the posterior chmaber
nourishes avascular lens
52
what is the function of aqueous humour in the anterior chamber
nourishes avascular cornea
53
where is aqueous humour reabsorbed
canal of schlemm on sclera at iridocorneal angle
54
where is aqueous humour reabsorbed to
venous sinus
55
what artery gives rise to the ophthalmic artery
internal carotid
56
what artery gives rise to the central retinal artery
ophthalmic artery
57
what area does the central retinal artery supply
inner 2/3 of the retina
58
what is the clinical significance of the central retinal artery
end artery
59
what artery supplies the optic nerve head
posterior ciliary arteries
60
what are the two main veins responsible for the venous drainage of the eye
central retinal vein and facial vein
61
what does the central retinal vein drain to
ophthalmic vein
62
what does the ophthalmic vein drain to
cavernous sinus
63
where do the rectus muscles originate
common tendinous ring
64
where to the rectus muscles insert
onto the sclera
65
which muscle is responsible for lifting the eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris
66
what structure does the superior oblique pass through
trochlea
67
where do the superior and inferior oblique muscles insert
onto the sclera
68
what movement is the medial rectus responsible for
adduction
69
what movement is the lateral rectus responsible for
abduction
70
what movement is the inferior rectus responsible for
outwards and downwards (abduction/depression)
71
what movement is the superior rectus responsible for
outwards and upwards (abduction/elevation)
72
what movement is the superior oblique responsible for
inwards and downwards (adduction/depression)
73
what movement is the inferior oblique responsible for
inwards and upwards (adduction/elevation)
74
what nerve supplies the medial rectus
CNIII oculomotor
75
what nerve supplies the lateral rectus
CNVI abducens
76
what nerve supplies the inferior rectus
CNIII oculomotor
77
what nerve supplies the superior rectus
CNIII oculomotor
78
what nerve supplies the superior oblique
CNIV trochlear
79
what nerve supplies the inferior oblique
CNIII oculomotor
80
what muscle is responsible for the sensory innervation to the face
CNV trigeminal
81
name the divisions of the trigeminal nerve
V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary, V3 mandibular
82
what is the other name for the blink reflex
corneal reflex
83
what is the function of the blink/corneal reflex
flush tears of the eye to hydrate the cornea
84
what is an afferent nerve
towards the CNS
85
what is the afferent nerve in the blink/corneal reflex
CNV1
86
what is the efferent nerve in the blink/corneal refllex and what does it supply
CNVII to orbicularis oculi
87
which origin of the pupillae sphincter is fixed
outer
88
what is the pupillary light reflex
pupil constricting in response to light
89
what are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of the pupillary light reflex
sympathetic constricts, parasympathetic dilates
90
what are the consensual and stimulated eyes in the pupillary light reflex
stimulated eye; direct response
| consensual eye; non-stimulated
91
what level to sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord
T1 - L2
92
what to sympathetic axons do after leaving the spinal cord at the T1-L2 spinal nerves
travel to sympathetic chains running vertical column length
93
what does sympathetic axons do after ascending/descending sympathetic chains
pass into the anterior / posterior rami of all spinal nerves
94
what level do sympathetic trunk cervical ganglia leave the spinal cord
T1
95
what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the LPS
constricts in fight/flight for max eyelid elevation
96
what vessel do sympathetic trunk cervical ganglia follow after synapsing
carotid nerve on carotid artery
97
what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves
CN III, VII, IX, X
98
what do parasympathetic nerves supply
internal organs not body wall
99
where does CN III attach to the CNS
midline/pons
100
what structure does CN III pass through to supply the LPS, SR, MR, IR and IO extraocular muscles
superior orbital fissure
101
what structures do the ciliary nerves supply
ciliary body and sphincter pupillae
102
what input is required for near vision
parasympathetic
103
what input is required for far vision
parasympathetics stop firing
104
for near vision what happens to the ciliary muscle, zonule and suspensory ligament
ciliary muscle contracts, zonule relaxes, suspensory ligament relaxes
105
for far vision what happens to the ciliary muscle, zonule and suspensory ligament
ciliary muscle relaxes, zonule contracts, suspensory ligament contracts
106
what happens to the lens for near vision
fatter
107
what happens to the lens for far vision
flattens
108
what is the accomodation reflex
lens focusing in near vision
109
what nerve is involved in the accomodation reflex
CN III
110
what are the 3 types of tear stimulus
basal, reflex and emotional
111
what is the afferent nerve in reflex lacrimation
CN V1
112
what is the efferent nerve in reflex lacrimation
CNVII
113
what antimicrobial property is present in tears
lysozyme
114
what colour is healthy CSF
clear
115
what structures are always effected by a change in intracranial pressure
brain or blood or CSF
116
what are the layers of the meninges from out to in
hard dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia
117
where is CSF found
in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
118
what vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end
S2
119
what vertebral level can you do a lumbar puncture
L3/4 or L4/5
120
what are the names of the ventricles
right lateral ventricle
left lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
121
what structure connects the 3rd and 4rd ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
122
what structure secretes CSF
choroid plexus in R/L/3rd ventricles
123
where is CSF reabsorbed
arachnoid granulations
124
where does reabsorbed CSF go
dural venous sinuses
