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Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

define the haematological system

A

the blood

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2
Q

define the integumentary system

A

the skin

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3
Q

describe the location of the heart

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • deep to the sternum and costal cartilages
  • protected by the ribs, vertebrae and sternum
  • mediastinum (between the lungs)
  • left
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4
Q

describe the different areas of the mediastinum

A
  • superior and inferior

- inferior is divided into anterior, middle and posterior

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5
Q

define the pericardium

A

sac surrounding the heart

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6
Q

describe the two layers of the pericardium

A
  1. fibrous pericardium

2. serous pericardium (visceral and parietal)

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7
Q

describe the three layers of the heart

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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8
Q

four cardiac valves

A
  1. tricuspid (right)
  2. bicuspid/ mitral (left)
  3. aortic
  4. pulmonary
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9
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A

contain elastic fibres to allow recoil

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10
Q

describe the sympathetic tone

A

low level of contraction in arterioles caused by tonic conduction of action potentials

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11
Q

describe the four parts of the aorta

A
  1. ascending aorta
  2. arch of the aorta
  3. thoracic aorta
  4. abdominal aorta
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12
Q

name the blood supply of the brain

A

circle of willis

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13
Q

what constituents the circle of willis

A
  1. basilar artery (right and left vertebral arteries)
  2. right internal carotid
  3. left internal carotid
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14
Q

what is the blood brain barrier made up of?

A
  • tight junctions

- astrocytes

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15
Q

define an anastomoses

A

more than one path (each alternative route is called a collateral)

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16
Q

two main venous systems?

A
  1. hepatic portal venous system

2. systemic venous system

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17
Q

describe the two layers of the bone

A
  1. outer cortex made of cortical bone

2. inner medulla made of trabecular/cancellous bone

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18
Q

what is the outer shell of the bone called?

A

periosteum

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19
Q

five classes of bones

A
  • flat
  • long
  • short
  • sesamoid
  • irregular
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20
Q

define the foramina

A

Hole which allows cranial nerves and blood vessels into the skull

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21
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

C1-C7

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22
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12

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23
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5

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24
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

5 fused to form 1 sacrum

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25
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A

4 fused to form 1 coccyx

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26
Q

name C1 vertebrae

A

atlas

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27
Q

name C2 vertebrae

A

axis

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28
Q

name C7 vertebrae

A

vertebrae prominens

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29
Q

describe the three different rib types

A
  1. 7 true ribs
  2. 8-10 are false ribs
  3. 11-12 are floating ribs
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30
Q

bones of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • pectoral girdle (2 scapula, 2 clavicles)
  • pelvic girdle ( 2 hip bones and sacrum)
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
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31
Q

types of skeletal muscle

A
  • pennate
  • quadrate
  • flat
  • fusiform
  • circular
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32
Q

two points of attachment of skeletal muscles to bone

A
  • origin

- insertion

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33
Q

describe muscle paralysis

A

dysfunctional motor nerve supply, no contraction, reduced tone

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34
Q

define muscle spasticity

A

descending controls from the brain not working, increased tone.

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35
Q

describe the location of skeletal muscles

A

deep to the deep fascia

tough fibrous connective tissue covering

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36
Q

define compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure in the fascia by fluid affects functions of muscles and nerves

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37
Q

functions of the skeleton

A
  • protects organs
  • calcium metabolism
  • red blood cell formation
  • attachment for skeletal muscles
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38
Q

three types of joints

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
39
Q

two subtypes of fibrous joints

A
  1. syndesmoses

2. sutures

40
Q

define fontanelles

A

soft spots on the neonatal skull

41
Q

two subtypes of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. primary (synchondroses)

2. secondary (symphyses)

42
Q

five subtypes of synovial joints

A
  1. pivot
  2. plane (minimal movement in one plane)
  3. hinge
  4. biaxial (more movement in one plane than another)
  5. ball and socket
43
Q

features of a synovial joint

A
  • muscles and tendons
  • bursae
  • ligaments
  • hyaline cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • capsule
44
Q

define subluxation

A

reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

45
Q

define dislocation

A

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

46
Q

define proprioception

A

sense of joint position

47
Q

describe the location of the pelvic cavity

A

lies within the bony pelvis

continuous with the abdominal cavity

48
Q

name the pelvic roof

A

peritoneum

49
Q

two pouches of the peritoneum

A
  1. vesicle-uterine pouch

2. rectouterine pouch

50
Q

three layers of the uterus

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
51
Q

features of the seminiferous tubules

A
  • body temp a degree colder

- temp controlled by dartos muscles

52
Q

journey of the sperm

A
  1. rete testes
  2. epididymis
  3. vas deferens
  4. seminal gland (ejaculatory duct)
  5. prostate gland
  6. urethra
53
Q

functions of the GI tract

A
  1. introduce food into the body
  2. digest and absorb nutrients
  3. excrete waste
54
Q

structures in the oral cavity

A
  • lips
  • teeth
  • hard palate
  • cheek mucosa
  • tongue
  • floor of the mouth
55
Q

muscles that control chewing

A

muscles of mastication:

  • masseter
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
  • temporal
56
Q

define the orbicularis oris

A

circular muscle surrounding the mouth, prevents dribbling

57
Q

name the tonsils

A

palatine

58
Q

three glands involved in saliva

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
59
Q

three sections of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
60
Q

which parts of the pharynx are used in the respiratory pathway

A
  • oropharynx

- laryngopharynx

61
Q

three parts of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
62
Q

structures of the large intestines

A
  • caecum
  • ascending colon (retroperitoneal)
  • transverse colon (intraperitoneal)
  • descending colon (retroperitoneal)
  • sigmoid colon (intraperitoneal)
63
Q

two divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. CNS

2. PNS

64
Q

name nerve cell bodies in the CNS

A

nucleus

65
Q

name nerve cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglion

66
Q

name bundles of axons in the CNS

A

tract

67
Q

name bundles of axons in the PNS

A

nerve

68
Q

three classes of neurons

A
  1. afferent neurones
  2. efferent neurons
  3. interneurons
69
Q

define a synapse

A

site of chemical communication between two or more neurones

70
Q

three sections of the brain stem

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
71
Q

describe grey matter in the brain

A

outer area full of cell bodies

72
Q

describe white matter in the brain

A

inner area containing myelinated axons

73
Q

describe white matter in the spinal cord

A

outer area full of myelinated axons

74
Q

describe grey matter in the spinal cord

A

inner area full of cell bodies

75
Q

three divisions of the PNS

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. spinal nerves
  3. autonomic nerves
76
Q

three layers of the nerve

A
  • epineurium
  • perineurium
  • endoneurium
77
Q

how many bilateral pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

78
Q

number of cervical spinal nerves

A

8

79
Q

number of thoracic spinal nerves

A

12

80
Q

number of lumbar spinal nerves

A

5

81
Q

number of sacral spinal nerves

A

5

82
Q

number of coccygeal spinal nerves

A

1

83
Q

define a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by both anterior and posterior rami

84
Q

define nerve plexus

A

network of intertwined anterior rami

85
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 anterior rami

86
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5- T1 anterior rami

87
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4 anterior rami

88
Q

sacral plexus

A

L5- S4 anterior rami

89
Q

sympathetic outflow

A

thoracolumbar outflow T1-L2

90
Q

parasympathetic outflow

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

91
Q

name pain receptors

A

nociceptors

92
Q

sympathetic nerves, length of preganglionic nerve

A

short

93
Q

three routes of sympathetic outflow

A
  1. Anterior/ posterior rami
  2. sympathetic chain
  3. splanchnic nerves (prevertebral ganglion)

Principles (11 decks)

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