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Head and Neck > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the superior boundary of the neck?

A

Mandible

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2
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the neck?

A

Clavicle

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3
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the neck?

A

Anterior midline

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4
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the neck?

A

Trapezius

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5
Q

What makes up the posterior border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior border of Sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

What makes up the anterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Posterior border of Sternocleidomastoid

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7
Q

Name some contents of the anterior triangle

A

Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery Internal jugular vein
Facial artery Facial vein
Hypoglossal nerves Accessory nerves
Vagus nerves Laryngeal nerves
Glossopharyngeal nerves
Submandibular nodes Submental nodes

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8
Q

Does the internal carotid artery give rise to branches in the neck?

A

No - heads straight into head

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9
Q

Name some contents of the posterior triangle

A

Accessory nerve Cervical nerve plexus
Occipital artery External jugular vein
Lymph nodes

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10
Q

At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery divide?

A

C4

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11
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual 
Occipital
Facial
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
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12
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

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13
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

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14
Q

Where do the lymph nodes in the head and neck drain into?

A

Cisterna chyli -> Thoracic duct

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15
Q

What do parotid nodes drain?

A

Scalp, face, parotid gland

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16
Q

What do occipital nodes drain?

A

Scalp

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17
Q

What do superficial cervical nodes drain?

A

Breast and solid viscera

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18
Q

What do deep cervical nodes drain?

A

Final drainage pathway to thoracic duct

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19
Q

What do submandibular nodes drain?

A

Tongue, nose, paranasal sinuses, submandibular gland, and oral cavity

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20
Q

What do submental nodes drain?

A

Lips and Floor of mouth

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21
Q

What do supraclavicular nodes drain?

A

Breast, oesophagus and solid viscera

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22
Q

What are the two thyroid lobes joined by?

A

Isthmus

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23
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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24
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lower Calcium

Raise Phosphate

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25
What is the function of parathyroid glands?
Regulate calcium and phosphate levels
26
What are the four fascial layers of the neck?
Pre-tracheal Pre-vertebral Deep cervical Carotid sheath
27
What are the three components of the phayrnx?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hypopharynx
28
Where do the salivary gland ducts open in the oral cavity?
Under the tongue
29
What connects the underside of the tongue with the floor of the mouth?
Frenulum
30
Where is the oral vestibule?
Between the lips and teeth
31
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
Lips to palatoglossal arch (anterior pillar) Palate to floor of mouth/tongue Buccal mucosa
32
Where does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity?
Pierces the buccinator, opens opposite the upper second molar
33
What muscle separates the superficial and deep lobes of each submandibular gland?
Mylohyoid muscle
34
What is the name of endoscopy for the parotid duct?
Sialendocopy
35
What supplies the general somatic sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Lingual nerve
36
What is the lingual nerve a branch of?
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
37
What supplies the special sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Chorda tympani (of the facial nerve)
38
Which of the salivary ducts is mot likely to develop stones?
Submandibular (secretions have to move against gravity)
39
What are the functions of the oral cavity?
``` Taste Mastication Speech Digestion Swallowing ```
40
What are the four types if papillae in the tongue?
Filliform papillae Fungiform papillae Folliate papillae Circumvallate papillae
41
What supplies the general special sensation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
42
What is the name of the V shaped groove that demarcates the junction of the oral and pharyngeal portions of the tongue base?
Sulcus terminalis
43
What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
Alter the shape of the tongue
44
What is the function of the extrinsic tongue muscles?
Alter the position of the tongue
45
What nerve supplies the tongue muscles?
Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) - except for palatoglossus
46
What supplies palatoglossus?
Pharyngeal plexus (CNIX - X)
47
What muscles comprise the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus and palatoglossus.
48
What are the functions of the tongue?
Taste Mastication Swallowing Speech
49
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Temporalis Masseter
50
What is the nerve supply to the muscles of mastication?
CNV3 (The mandibular nerve)
51
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall Lateral: faucial pillars & palatine tonsils
52
What epithelium make up the oropharynx?
Stratified, non-keratinised squamous
53
What is the nerve supply of the oropharynx?
Pharyngeal plexus - (CNIX and X)
54
What provides the blood supply to the hypopharynx?
Superior Thyroid Artery, Lingual Artery, | Ascending Phayngeal Artery
55
What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?
Pharyngeal plexus - (CNIX and X)
56
What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?
Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage Continuous with oesophagus Anterior wall: back of larynx
57
What are the three phases of swallowing?
Oral phase, Pharyngeal phase, Oesophageal phase
58
What is the function of the larynx?
Part of the respiratory tract Voice Swallowing
59
What are the three parts of the larynx?
Supraglottis Glottis Subglottic
60
What comprises the supraglottis?
Extends from the superior tip of the epiglottis to the floor of the ventricular fold (junction of respiratory and squamous epithelium).
61
What comprises the glottis?
Begins superiorly at the true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to a horizontal plane 5 mm inferior to the vocal cord.
62
What comprises the subglottis?
Begins 5 mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
63
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Infrahyoid, Suprahyoid, and Thyrohyoid
64
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Moves the entire laryngeal complex
65
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Regulate movement of the vocal folds
66
What is the motor innervation of the larynx?
(CN X): | All intrinsic mucles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for cricothyroid muscle (superior laryngeal nerve)
67
What provides the sensory innervation of the larynx?
Supraglottic: internal laryngeal nerve Glottic and subglottic: recurrent laryngeal nerve
68
What has the longer course - left or right recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve - loops around the arch of the aorta
69
What is the term for rhythm, stress and intonation of speech?
Prosody - | associated with Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (Broca's area) of the left frontal lobe.
70
What test would you do on a neck lump??
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
71
What is the function of the nasal airway?
``` Warm and humidify inhaled air Immune barrier Smell Drainage and aeration of middle ear Drainage of paranasl sinuses and lacrimal duct ```
72
What category of person is an obligate nasal breather?
Neonates
73
What kind of epithelium line the anterior third of the nasal passage?
Stratified squamous epithelium
74
What kind of epithelium line the posterior two thirds of the nasal passage?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
75
What nerve carries olfactory information?
Olfactory nerve
76
What is the function of the paranasal air sinuses?
``` Reservoir of warm humid air Lighten skull Crumple zones Vocal resonance Lined with same mucosa- Immune barrier ```
77
What bones make up the external nasal anatomy?
Nasal bones | Maxilla
78
What makes up the boundaries of the internal nasal anatomy?
Roof -Skullbase/cribriform plate Walls - Turbinates Floor - Hard palate
79
What bones and cartilage make up the septum of the nose?
Septal cartilage Vomer Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
80
What are the three turbinates in the nose?
Bony scroll-like projections from lateral wall of nose (Superior Middle Inferior)
81
What is the function of the nasal turbinates?
Increase surface area of nose Humidification and warming Sinuses and nasolacrimal duct open underneath turbinates Meatus Correspond to turbinate they are under
82
Where does the nasolacrimal duct open?
Inferior meatus
83
What are the paranasal air sinuses?
2 Frontal 2 maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoid air cells – Anterior and posterior
84
Where does the frontal air sinus drain into?
Middle meatus
85
Where do the anterior ethmoid air cells drain into?
Middle meatus
86
Where do the posterior ethmoid air cells drain into?
Superior meatus
87
Where does the sphenoid air sinus drain into?
Spehnoethmoidal recess
88
Where does the maxillary air sinus drain into?
Middle meatus
89
Where does the blood supply of the nose originate?
Internal Carotid (Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal) ``` External carotid (Sphenopalatine A (via Maxillary) Greater Palatine (via Maxillary) Superior Labial) ```
90
What provides general sensation to the nose?
CNV1 Ophthalmic | CNV2 Maxillary
91
What provides parasympathetic innervation to the nose?
Vidian nerve (greater petrosal from facial CNVII + deep petrosal)
92
What happens if the vidian nerve is overactive?
Continuous nose secretions
93
What muscle attaches to the eustacian tube to open it during swallowing?
Levator pallatini
94
What is the lymphoid tonsil tissue is the post nasal space?
Adenoids
95
What makes up the external ear?
Pinna up to tympanic membrane
96
What makes up the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane and Ossicles
97
What makes up the inner ear?
Cochlea and semi-circular canals
98
What epithelium makes up the pinna/auricle?
Stratified keratinized epithelium
99
What kind of cartilage makes up the pinna?
Elastic cartilage
100
Which part of the external ear canal produces wax?
Lateral third
101
Which direction does skin in the external ear canal grow?
Outwards, from the tympanic membrane
102
What is the area at the bottom of the tympanic membrane known as?
Pars tensa
103
What is the area at the top of the tympanic membrane known as?
Pars flaccida
104
What direction does the cone of light face in the tympanic membrane?
Anteroinferiorly
105
What are the layers of the tympanic membrane?
Outer layer is continuous with skin of EAC. Middle fibrous layer Inner layer of respiratory epithelium
106
What are the three ossicles?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
107
What ossicle is connected to the oval window?
Stapes
108
What is the function of the ossicles?
Conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear
109
What epithelium lines the middle ear?
Respiratory epithelium | Continuous with inner layer of tympanic membrane
110
How does the middle ear connect to the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube
111
How does the middle ear connect to the mastoid system?
Aditus
112
What nerve is contained in the middle ear?
Facial nerve | Chorda tympani
113
What is the function of the facial nerve?
Motor supply to the muscles of facial expression (Also Stapedius, Posterior belly of digastric, Stylohyoid) Taste anterior 2/3rds of tongue from chorda tympani
114
What nerves provide sensation to the EAC?
Anterior half - Facial nerve (CN VII) Posterior half - Auricular branch of vagus nerve (CN X)
115
What nerve provide sensation to the middle ear?
Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
116
What nerves provide sensation to the pinna?
Pinna (upper half) - Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) Pinna (lower half) - Greater Auricular Nerve (C2/3)
117
What are the contents of the inner ear?
Bony and membranous labyrinth Cochlea Peripheral vestibular apparatus Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
118
Which fluids are contained in the membranous labyrinth?
Perilymph | Endolymph
119
What is the function of the middle ear?
To transduce vibration into nervous impulses
120
What in the cochlea detects pressure waves through fluid?
Hair Cells in Organ of Corti
121
What transmits the neuronal impulses to the brainstem?
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear neve)
122
What are the three main types of inputs to coordinate balance?
Visual Peripheral vestibular system Proprioception
123
What are the two main types of outputs to coordinate balance?
Gaze stabilisation | Postural control
124
What is responsible to detecting head rotation?
Semi-circular canals
125
What is the vestibulo-ocular relfex?
Makes you able to fix your vision on an object even when your head is moving
126
What detects linear acceleration in the vertical plane?
Saccule
127
What detects linear acceleration in the horizontal plane?
Utricle
128
What two membranes does the organ of corti sit between in the cochlea?
Tectorial membrane and Basilar membrane
129
Which membrane moves to depolarise inner hair cells and set off afferent electrical impulses in the cochlea?
Basilar membrane
130
What crystals are contained in otolith organs in the vestibular apparatus?
Calcium carbonate crystals
131
What innervates the frontal air sinus?
CNV1 (Opthalmic)
132
What innervates the maxillary air sinus?
CNV2 (Maxillary)
133
What innervates the ethmoidal air sinus?
CNV1 (Opthalmic)
134
What innervates the sphenoidal air sinus?
CNV1 (Opthalmic) and CNV2 (Maxillary)
135
What pterygoid muscle runs in parallel with the masseter?
Medial pterygoid
136
What pterygoid muscle runs towards the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid
137
What main action does the lateral pterygoid muscle have on the jaw?
Protraction
138
Where do the pterygoid muscles attach?
Both the pterygoid muscles attach to the lateral pterygoid plate
139
What muscles do the oropharyngeal tonsils lie between?
Palatoglossus and Palatopharyngeus
140
What is the most predominate papillae of the tongue?
Filiform papillae
141
Where does the hypoglossal nerve emerge?
Hypoglossal canal
142
What are the false vocal cords?
Vestibular folds (above true vocal cords)
143
What are the true vocal cords?
Vocal folds (below vestibular cords)
144
What types of fires does the facial nerve contain?
Motor fibres Sensory fibres (special sense) Parasympathetic fibres
145
What gland goes the external carotid artery enter into to give off its terminal branches?
Parotid gland
146
What nerves form the cervical plexus?
Ventral rami of C1-C5
147
What muscles move the hyoid bone?
Supra/infrahyoid muscles
148
What muscle attaches to the syloid process and the hyoid bone?
Stylohyoid
149
What are emissary veins?
Valveless veins that traverse diploe and can spread infection intracranially.
150
Name some muscles in the ear
Tensor tympani | Stapedius
151
Is the parotid gland serous or mucous?
Serous
152
Is the sublingual gland serous or mucous?
Mucous
153
Is the submandibular gland serous or mucous?
Mixed
154
What type of epithelium are present in the tongue?
Stratified squamous epithelium - both keratinised/non-keratinised

Head and Neck (5 decks)

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