Pathology Flashcards
(15 cards)
What symptoms can be involved in conditions affected the ear?
Hearing loss Tinnitus Vertigo Otlagia Otorrhoea Facial Weakness
What examinations may be used for the ear?
Otoscopy/microscopy Hearing Tests (Rinne's, Weber's, Whispered Voice Test
What investigations can be undertaken on the ear?
Pure tone audiogram
Tympanogram
What does tympanogram measure?
The mobility of the eardrum.
What is type A in tympanogram?
Normal middle ear pressure and
compliance
What is type B in tympanogram?
Low middle ear compliance
Can happen with fluid or perforation
What is type C in tympanogram?
Low middle ear pressure
If eustacian tube isn’t working well
What are some causes of sensorineural hearing loss?
Presbyacusis, Head Injury, Noise exposure, Ototoxic medications, Viral infections, Acoustic neuroma
What is the definition of allergy of the upper respiratory tract?
Rhinitis
In type 1 hypersensitivity, what happens in sensitisation of an allergen?
Plasma cells produce IgE
Bind to mast cells
In type 1 hypersensitivity, what happens in re-exposure of an allergen?
Mast cells degranulate
Release Histamine, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins & chomotactic factors
What does mast cell degranulation cause?
Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
Smooth muscle contraction
Leukocyte infiltration, esp eosinophils
What anatomical issues may lead to airway problems in a child?
Large tongue Large tonsils Large/Floppy epiglottis Short neck Sub glottis narrowest
List some medical conditions which can lead to airway issues?
Foreign Body
Epiglottitis
Laryngomalacia
What investigations may be used in rhinology conditions?
Blood tests-FBC, ANCA, ESR, ACE, RAST CT SCAN MRI SCAN SKIN TESTS RHINOMANOMETRY
