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Year 2 - Renal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Urinary system is located in what cavity

A

abdomino-pelvic

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2
Q

Components of the urinary system (4)

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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3
Q

Kidneys vertebral level

A

T12-L3

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4
Q

The kidneys lie in what space on either side of the posterior abdominal wall

A

paravertebral gutters

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5
Q

The hilum of the kidney lies at what vertebral level

A

transpyloric plane - L1

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6
Q

Which kidney is higher + why

A

Left - because liver pressing down on right kidney

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7
Q

4 layers covering the kidney from inner to outer

A

Fibrous renal capsule
Fatty renal capsule (perirenal fat)
Renal fascia - fibrofatty tissue
Pararenal fat

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8
Q

Posterior relations of the kidneys (5)

A 
Diaphragm
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum 
Transversus abdominis
Ribs 11-12
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9
Q

Diaphragm lies where in relation to kidneys

A

posterior

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10
Q

Diaphragm lies posterior to kidneys so what effect does it have on the kidneys during inspiration and expiration

A

they move down during inspiration

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11
Q

What nerves are posterior to the kidneys so need to be careful of these when operating

A

Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

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12
Q

Anterior relations of the right (4) and left kidney (5)

A

Right

  • liver
  • adrenal gland
  • duodenum
  • ascending colon

Left

  • adrenal gland
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • jejunum
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13
Q

Retroperitoneal means peritoneum only covers what surface

A

anterior

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14
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of kidneys

A

Sympathetic
-T12-L1 thoracic splanchnic nerves which synapse at coeliac ganglion

Parasympathetic
-vagus

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15
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

A

para-aortic lymph nodes around the origin of the renal arteries at L1

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16
Q

Name some congenital abnormalities of the kidneys (3)

A

Horseshoe kidney
Duplicated ureter
Pelvic kidney - kidney fails to ascend, remains in pelvis

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17
Q

Reason for horseshoe kidney embryologically

A

kidneys become too close together during their ascent from the pelvis to the abdomen and inferior poles fuse

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18
Q

Reason for duplicated ureter embryologically

A

Duplication of ureteric bud of of the mesonephric duct

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19
Q

Histology of renal cortex is characteristic because of presence of what circular structures

A

glomeruli

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20
Q

Renal cortex contains (3)

A

renal corpuscle - glomerulus + bowman’s capsule
PCT
DCT

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21
Q

Renal medulla contains (2)

A

loop of henle

collecting duct

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22
Q

Arterial supply of the kidneys

A

Renal artery (left and right)

  • which divides into segmental branches once it enters hilum
  • each segmental artery divides a further 4 times
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23
Q

Structures at renal hilum

A

renal vein
renal artery
renal pelvis

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24
Q

Length of left renal vein compared to right

A

left is longer because it has travel anterior to aorta to reach the IVC

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25
Length of right renal artery compared to left
right is longer as it travels posterior to IVC to reach aorta
26
Right renal artery in where in relation to IVC
Posterior
27
Left renal vein is where in relation to aorta
anterior
28
What vein travels up from pelvis to drain into the left renal vein
left testicular vein in males | left ovarian vein in females
29
Left testicular/ovarian vein drains into left renal vein Right testicular/ovarian vein drains into
IVC
30
Peritonisation of ureter
retroperitoneal
31
As the ureter descends, they run anterior to what muscle
psoas major
32
Renal pelvis is formed through the merging of a few
major calyces
33
Major calyces are formed throughout he merging of a few
minor calyces
34
Each major calyx is indented by the apex of the renal pyramid known as the
renal papilla
35
As the ureters descend, they run along what the tips of what processes
transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
36
In males, what vessel crosses the ureter superiorly/anteriorly
vas deferens
37
In females, what vessel crosses the ureter superiorly
uterine artery
38
3 constrictions of the ureter
Junction of ureter and pelvis When it crosses the pelvic brim where the common iliac bifurcate When it enters the bladder wall (vesicoureteric junction)
39
Venous drainage of kidneys
Renal veins (left and right) --> drain into IVC
40
Urethra exits which part of bladder
neck
41
Apex of the urinary bladder is connected to umbilicus by what
Median umbilical ligament (remnant of urachus)
42
Internally, the 3 orifices of the bladder (formed by the right and left ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice) form what feature
trigone (a triangular area located within the fundus (base) that has smooth walls comapared to rest)
43
Bladder make of what muscle
smooth muscle (Detrusor muscle)
44
Bony joint anterior to the apex of the urinary bladder
pubic symphysis
45
Peritonisation of bladder
Extraperitoneal, i.e. not in the peritoneal cavity It's in the pelvic cavity below so peritoneum covers superior surface of bladder only
46
Arterial supply of bladder
branches of internal iliac artery
47
Venous drainage of bladder
vesical venous plexus
48
Innervation of bladder - sympathetic (to detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter) - parasympathetic (to detrusor muscle) - somatic (to external urethral sphincter)
Sympathetic -hypogastric nerve (T12-L2) Parasympathetic -pelvic splanchnic (S2-S4) Somatic to external sphincter -pudenal nerve (S2-S4)
49
Lymphatic drainage of bladder (3)
superior surface - external iliac lymph nodes fundus - internal iliac lymph nodes Neck - sacral or common iliac lymph nodes
50
What epithelium lines the bladder and ureter
transitional
51
Function of transitional epithelium lining bladder and ureter
readily stretches to accommodate volume increase
52
Ureters enter pelvis as they cross
the pelvic brim (where common iliac a bifurcates)
53
Renal pelvis is derived embryologically from what
ureteric bud
54
What tissue make sup renal fascia
fibrofatty tissue
55
Name the tubular structures that pass the ureter anteriorly
vas defers uterine artery
56
Structures passing through transpyloric plane (6)
``` Hilum of kidney L1 Pylorus of stomach Neck of pancreas Fundus of gallbladder SMA ```
57
Arterial supply of the ureters
Abdominal part of ureter - renal artery and testicular/ovarian Pelvic part - branches of internal iliac a (superior/inferior vesical a)
58
Venous drainage of ureters
Corresponds to arterial supply so abdominal part - renal vein, testicular/ovarian vein Pelvic part - superior/inferior vesical veins
59
Why would blockage to one of the segmental arteries supplying the kidneys cause necrosis
Because the segmental arteries do NOT anastomose
60
The reflection of the peritoneum from the rectum to the posterior bladder wall (in males) and the posterior uterine wall (in females) forms what space
rectovesical pouch rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) where infection and fluids can collect
61
Name the 4 parts of the male urethra
Intramural (preprostatic) Prostatic Intermediate (membranous) Spongy (penile)
62
Most dilated part of the male urethra
prostatic part
63
Narrowest part of urethra
Intermediate (membranous) part

Year 2 - Renal (21 decks)

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