Anatomy Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

In which bone is the hypophyseal fossa?

A

Sphenoid bone

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2
Q

Where is the optic chiasm in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

Immediately above it

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3
Q

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

A

Nasal

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4
Q

What would be the resultant visual field defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

Which is the larger of the two pituitary lobes?

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

Storage and secretion of hormones

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8
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary stains light and which stains dark under H&E staining?

A

Anterior - dark

Posterior - light

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9
Q

What are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular neurons

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10
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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11
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery - branch of internal carotid artery

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery - branch of internal carotid artery

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13
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

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15
Q

Between which vertebral levels is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5 to T1

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16
Q

Between which other structures is the thyroid gland found?

A

Between the thyroid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

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17
Q

Where does the isthmus lie in relation to the trachea?

A

Opposite the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings

18
Q

Identify three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

A

Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

19
Q

What are the two nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cords, and where are they in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs between trachea and oesophagus
Superior laryngeal nerve - runs beside the superior thyroid artery

20
Q

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

External carotid artery

21
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

22
Q

Into which vein do the superior thyroid veins drain?

A

Internal jugular vein

23
Q

Into which vein do the middle thyroid veins drain?

A

Internal jugular vein

24
Q

Into which vein do the inferior thyroid veins drain?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

25
Where do most lymph vessels of the thyroid gland drain to?
Deep cervical group of lymph nodes
26
What is colloid?
Thyroid hormone bound to a glycoprotein
27
Where is colloid found?
Within the cavity of the follicles
28
Which cells produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
29
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its function?
Parathyroid hormone - stimulates osteoclast activity to enhance bone resorption
30
How are the adrenal glands peritonised?
Retroperitoneally
31
What are the two different parts of the adrenal gland called?
Outer - cortex | Inner - medulla
32
What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex?
Mesodermal epithelium
33
What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?
Neuroectoderm
34
What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands and from which larger vessels do they originate?
Superior suprarenal artery - Inferior phrenic artery Middle suprarenal artery - abdominal aorta Inferior suprarenal artery - renal artery
35
Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?
Inferior vena cava
36
Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?
Left renal or left inferior phrenic vein
37
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
Outer - zona glomerulosa (thin) Middle - zona fasciculata (thick) Inner - zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to the medulla)
38
What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona glomerulosa?
Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
39
What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona fasciculata?
Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
40
What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona reticularis?
Androgens (e.g. DHEA)
41
How is the pancreas peritonised?
Retroperitoneally
42
Which arteries supply the pancreas?
Splenic artery, superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries