Anatomy

Question 1

In which bone is the hypophyseal fossa?

Answer 1

Sphenoid bone

Question 2

Where is the optic chiasm in relation to the pituitary gland?

Answer 2

Immediately above it

Question 3

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

Answer 3

Nasal

Question 4

What would be the resultant visual field defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

Answer 4

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 5

Which is the larger of the two pituitary lobes?

Answer 5

Anterior

Question 6

Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

Answer 6

Anterior

Question 7

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 7

Storage and secretion of hormones

Question 8

Which lobe of the pituitary stains light and which stains dark under H&E staining?

Answer 8

Anterior - dark

Posterior - light

Question 9

What are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 9

Magnocellular neurons

Question 10

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 10

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 11

What is the blood supply of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 11

Superior hypophyseal artery - branch of internal carotid artery

Question 12

What is the blood supply of the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 12

Inferior hypophyseal artery - branch of internal carotid artery

Question 13

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

Answer 13

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 14

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 14

Infundibulum

Question 15

Between which vertebral levels is the thyroid gland found?

Answer 15

C5 to T1

Question 16

Between which other structures is the thyroid gland found?

Answer 16

Between the thyroid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

Question 17

Where does the isthmus lie in relation to the trachea?

Answer 17

Opposite the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings

Question 18

Identify three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

Answer 18

Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

Question 19

What are the two nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cords, and where are they in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 19

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs between trachea and oesophagus
Superior laryngeal nerve - runs beside the superior thyroid artery

Question 20

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 20

External carotid artery

Question 21

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 21

Thyrocervical trunk

Question 22

Into which vein do the superior thyroid veins drain?

Answer 22

Internal jugular vein

Question 23

Into which vein do the middle thyroid veins drain?

Answer 23

Internal jugular vein

Question 24

Into which vein do the inferior thyroid veins drain?

Answer 24

Brachiocephalic veins

Question 25

Where do most lymph vessels of the thyroid gland drain to?

Answer 25

Deep cervical group of lymph nodes

Question 26

What is colloid?

Answer 26

Thyroid hormone bound to a glycoprotein

Question 27

Where is colloid found?

Answer 27

Within the cavity of the follicles

Question 28

Which cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 28

Parafollicular cells

Question 29

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its function?

Answer 29

Parathyroid hormone - stimulates osteoclast activity to enhance bone resorption

Question 30

How are the adrenal glands peritonised?

Answer 30

Retroperitoneally

Question 31

What are the two different parts of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 31

Outer - cortex | Inner - medulla

Question 32

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 32

Mesodermal epithelium

Question 33

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 33

Neuroectoderm

Question 34

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands and from which larger vessels do they originate?

Answer 34

Superior suprarenal artery - Inferior phrenic artery Middle suprarenal artery - abdominal aorta Inferior suprarenal artery - renal artery

Question 35

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?

Answer 35

Inferior vena cava

Question 36

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?

Answer 36

Left renal or left inferior phrenic vein

Question 37

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 37

Outer - zona glomerulosa (thin) Middle - zona fasciculata (thick) Inner - zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to the medulla)

Question 38

What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 38

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Question 39

What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona fasciculata?

Answer 39

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

Question 40

What is the main hormone type secreted by the zona reticularis?

Answer 40

Androgens (e.g. DHEA)

Question 41

How is the pancreas peritonised?

Answer 41

Retroperitoneally

Question 42

Which arteries supply the pancreas?

Answer 42

Splenic artery, superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries