Anatomy Flashcards
(51 cards)
2 main approached to anatomy
1) Functional approach
2) Regional approach
Functional anatomy approach
- based on functional systems
- allows function to be considered
- bridge to physiology “structure and function”
Regional anatomy approach
- anatomy of specific regions (all structures)
- how you use anatomy in practice
Median plane
Divides the body into two longitudinal halves
Transverse plane
Divides body into halves 90deg. to long axis
- Down the centre of body
- transverse plane and median plane are 90deg away from one another
Sagittal plane
Same as transverse plane but not down the centre of the body
Dorsal plane
Rare in practice
Whole body picture cutting animal into top and bottom
Axial vs Abaxial surfaces
Digits are perfect example
Abaxial = away from midline
Axial = closer to midline
Superficial/Deep (def)
Towards or away from the sirface of the body (usually the skin) or the surface of an organ or tissue
Visceral/Parietal
- Visceral (on organs)
- Parietal (membranes/nerves/”wall of”)
- Parietal is associated with the body wall
- Visceral refers to the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Supra- / Infra-
Supra = above Infra = below
Flexion/Extension
Specific to joints
Flexion: Decrease angle of joint
Extension: Increase angle of joint
Protraction/Retraction
Description of whole limb
Protraction: Limb moves cranially
Retraction: Limb moves caudally
Pronation/Supination
Describes paws/hands/hooves/etc.
Protraction: Palm down
Supination: Palm up
Abduction/Adduction
Abduction: Movement away from midline
Adduction: Movement towards midline
Organ system: Def.
Consist of multiple organs that combine to perform one primary function. Each organ in the system contributes to this overall function
Primary/secondary functions: Musculoskeletal systems
1st func.) Movement/locomotion
2nd func.) Support, protection, generate heat, calcium metabolism, haematopoiesis
Primary/secondary functions: Cardiovascular system
1st func.) Provide nutrition/oxygen to cells
2nd func.) Transport hormones, removal CO2, transport immune cells, temperature regulation
Primary/secondary functions: Nervous system
1st func.) Sensing enviro. and coordinating movement
2nd func.) thinking/decision making, regulation of many function (breathing, cardiac function, etc.)
Primary/secondary functions: Respiratory system
1st func.) Oxygenation of blood
2nd func.) Removal of CO2, control blood pH, olfaction, vocalization, thermoregulation
Primary/secondary functions: Urinary system
1st func.) Removal of waste, hydration levels
2nd func.) regulation Na, K, Cl in blood
Primary/secondary functions: Reproductive system
1st func.) Reproduce
2nd func.) Sex hormones, sex traits, behaviour
Primary/secondary functions: Digestive systems
1st func.) Provide nutrients to circulatory system
2nd func.) Excretion of waste, hydration maintenance, regulate balance of substances, territorial marking
Primary/secondary functions: Integument
1st func.) Protect from outside world
2nd func.) Fighting and sex selection, locomotion, territorial marking, temperature regulation
